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Semester 4: Nutrition and Metabolism > Anatomy Topic 4 Case 6 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 4 Case 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Are the kidneys intra- or retroperitoneal?

A
  • Retroperitoneal
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2
Q

Between which vertebral levels do the kidneys extent between?

A
  • T12 to L3
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3
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower and why?

A
  • Right kidney

- Because of its relationship to the liver

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4
Q

Which kidney is longer and more slender?

A
  • Left kidney
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5
Q

Which kidney is closer to the midline?

A
  • Left kidney
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6
Q

For each part of the right kidney, identify the structure that it is related to:

[A] Superior pole

[B] Upper part

[C] Medially

[D] Inferior pole

A
  • [B] Liver
  • [C] Descending part of duodenum
  • [D] Right colic flexure
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7
Q

For each part of the left kidney, identify the structure that it is related to:

[A] Superior pole

[B] Upper part

[C] Inferiorly

[D] Laterally

[E] Medially

A
  • [A] Left suprarenal gland
  • [B] Stomach and spleen
  • [C] Pancreas
  • [D] Left colic flexure
  • [E] Jejunum
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8
Q

Identify the structures that the posterior surfaces of the right and left kidney relate to

A
  • Diaphragm superiorly

- Psoas major, quadratus lumborum and transversus abdominis

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9
Q

The superior pole of the right kidney is anterior to rib [A] while the same region of the left kidney is anterior to rib [B]

A
  • [A] 12

- [B] 11

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10
Q

Describe the arrangement of renal fat and fascia

A
  • Kidney is encircled by perinephric fat
  • Which is enclosed within the renal fascia
  • Outside of which is paranephric fat, mainly posterolateral to each kidney
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11
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A
  • Located medially

- Point at which renal vessels, lymphatics and nerves enter and leave the kidney

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12
Q

Identify the two main parts of the kidney

A
  • Outer renal cortex

- Inner renal medulla

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13
Q

What are the renal columns?

A
  • Extensions of the renal cortex that project into the inner aspect of the kidney
  • And divide the medulla into triangular shaped renal pyramids
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14
Q

What is the renal papilla? What surrounds it?

A
  • Apical projections of renal pyramids

- Which are surrounded by minor calices

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15
Q

What is a renal sinus?

A
  • Cavity within the kidney
  • Where minor calices unite
  • To form a major calyx
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16
Q

What is the renal pelvis formed od?

A
  • Two or three major calices that unite
17
Q

Where do the renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?

A
  • Laterally
  • Just inferior to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery
  • Between L1 and L2
18
Q

Describe the branches of each renal artery

A
  • Renal artery divides into segmental arteries that enter the hilum
  • Which give off lobar arteries, one for each pyramid
  • Which give off interlobar arteries on each side of pyramid
  • Which give off arcuate arteries over the base of each pyramid
  • Which give off interlobular artery that ascend in cortex
  • Which give off afferent glomerular arterioles
19
Q

What is the clinical significnace of the left renal vein

A
  • Crosses the midline anterior to abdominal aorta
  • And posterior to superior mesenteric artery
  • Can be compressed by either of these two vessels
20
Q

Identify the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys

A
  • Lateral aortic (lumbar) nodes

- Around the origin of the renal artery

21
Q

Outline the innervation of the kidneys

A
  • Aorticorenal ganglia

- Abdominal prevertebral ganglia

22
Q

Where is kidney pain referred to?

A
  • Transmitted via least splanchnic nerve (T12)

- To flanks (lateral regions)

23
Q

What are ureters?

A
  • Muscular tubes

- That transport urine from kidneys to bladder

24
Q

What are the ureters continuous with superiorly?

A
  • Renal pelvis in the renal sinus

- At the ureteropelvic junction

25
Q

How is a renal pelvis formed?

A
  • From condensation of two to three major calices
26
Q

The ureters descend retroperitoneally on the medial aspect of which muscle?

A
  • Psoas major
27
Q

Which arteries do the ureters cross?

A
  • Common iliac artery
28
Q

In the pelvis, the ureters cross the [A] in men and the [B] in women

A
  • [A] Ductus deferens

- [B] Uterine artery

29
Q

Identify the three positions where the ureters become constricted. What is the clinical significance of these?

A
  • Ureteropelvic junction
  • Where they cross the common iliac vessels
  • Where they enter the wall of the bladder
  • Kidney stones become lodged at these constrictions
30
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the ureters

A
  • Upper end: Renal arteries
  • Middle part: Branches from abdominal aorta, testicular and ovarian arteries, common iliac arteries
  • Lower end: Internal iliac arteries
  • All of which divide into ascending and descending branches forming longitudinal anastomoses
31
Q

Outline the innervation of the ureters

A
  • Renal, aortic, superior hypogastric and inferior hypogastric plexuses
  • Visceral afferents from sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres return to T11-L2
32
Q

What causes ureteric pain and where is it referred?

A
  • Distension of ureter
  • T11 to L2
  • Posterolateral abdominal wall
  • Pubic region
  • Scrotum in males
  • Labia majora in females
  • Anterior aspect of thigh
33
Q

How do the left and right suprarenal glands differ from one another?

A
  • Right: Pyramidal and smaller

- Left: Semilunar and larger

34
Q

What is located anterior to the right suprarenal gland?

A
  • Right lobe of the liver

- Inferior vena cava

35
Q

What is located anterior to the left suprarenal gland?

A
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen (on occasion)
36
Q

What layer of fat surrounds the suprarenal glands

A
  • Perinephric fat

- Enclosed in renal fascia

37
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the suprarenal glands

A
  • Superior suprarenal arteries from inferior phrenic arteries
  • Middle suprarenal arteries from abdominal aorta
  • Inferior suprarenal arteries from renal arteries

Semester 4: Nutrition and Metabolism (17 decks)

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