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ACEM Viva > Anatomy - Thorax > Flashcards

Anatomy - Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the branches of the aortic arch

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk (divides into right common carotid and right subclavian)
  • left common carotid
  • left subclavian
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2
Q

Describe the course of the thoracic aorta

A
  1. ascending aorta begins at aortic orifice
  2. ascends anterior to right pulmonary artery and bifurcation of trachea
  3. becomes arch at level of sternal angle (T4/T5), passes supero-posterior to the left
  4. passes over the root of the left lung
  5. descends posterior to left lung root at T4 level
  6. arch becomes descending aorta at level of sternal angle (T4/T5)
  7. continues to level of T12, where it exits the aortic hiatus to become the abdominal aorta
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3
Q

Model of clavicle: identify parts of a clavicle and demonstrate muscular attachments

A
  • deltoid: lateral 1/3 anterior
  • trapezius: lateral 1/3 posterior
  • pectoralis major: medial 1/3 anterior-inferior
  • sternocleidomastoid: clavicular head, medial 1/3 anterior
  • subclavius: inferior middle 1/3
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4
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle

A

medial:
sternoclavicular joint

posterior:
first rib
ijv
subclavian vein
brachiocephalic vein
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5
Q

Describe the course of the subclavian vein

A
  • becomes subclavian vein from the axillary vein medial to outer border of 1st rib
  • courses medially posterior to clavicle and superior to first rib
  • lies anterior to anterior scalene, which separates it from the subclavian artery
  • becomes brachiocephalic vein at medial border of anterior scalene, joins the IJV
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6
Q

CXR image: outline the structures that make up the cariomediastinal borders on a CXR

A 
trachea = 1
aortic arch = 2
left pulmonary artery = 3
left atrium = 4
left ventricle = 5
left cardio-phrenic angle = 6
superior vena cava = 7
right pulmonary artery = 8
right atrium = 9
inferior vena cava = 10
right costophrenic angle = 11
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7
Q

What structures are located at the same level as the sternal angle

A
  • bifurcation of the trachea, division of the pulmonary trunk, SVC, hila of lungs
  • ascending aorta becomes arch, arch becomes descending aorta
  • phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, azygous vein, thoracic duct
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8
Q

Describe the lobes of the lungs and their fissures

A

right lung:
3 lobes = superior, middle, inferior
-superior lobe separated from middle lobe by horizontal fissure
-middle lobe separated from inferior lobe by oblique fissure

left lung:
2 lobes = superior and inferior
-superior lobe separated from inferior lobe by oblique fissure

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9
Q

What lobes of the lung lie adjacent to right and left cardio-mediastinum

A
  • right upper mediastinum = right superior lobe
  • right heart border = right middle lobe
  • left upper mediastinum = left superior lobe
  • left heart border = left superior lobe
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10
Q

CXR image: demonstrate the lobes and fissures of the lung

A
  • horizontal fissure: follows level of 4th costal cartilage

- oblique fissure: from T2 posteriorly to 6th costal cartilage anteriorly

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11
Q

How do you differentiate between RLL and RML pneumonia on CXR

A

right middle lobe pneumonia has loss of the right heart border

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12
Q

Describe parietal pleura surface anatomy

A
  • 3cm over medial 1/3 clavicle
  • converge at T2
  • diverge on left at 4th costal cartilage
  • diverge on right at 6th costal cartilage
  • mid clavicular line at 8th rib
  • mid axillary line at 10th rib
  • mid scapular line at 12th rib
  • lung edge is 2 ribs higher
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13
Q

Identify the diaphragm and its attachments

A
  • sternal part: posterior surface of xiphoid process
  • costal part: lower six ribs and costocartilage
  • lumbar (crural) part: medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and bodies of L1-L3
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14
Q

What are the openings of the diaphragm

A
  • T8 = IVC, right phrenic nerve
  • T10 = esophagus, vagal trunk
  • T12 = aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein
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15
Q

What is the nerve supply of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Motor: phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Sensory:
- central portion: phrenic nerve
- peripheral portion: intercostal (T5-T11), subcostal (T12)

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16
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

remnant of the ductus arteriosum

connect pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta, allowed blood to bypass the lungs

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17
Q

Model of first rib: identify and demonstrate its features and side

A
  • head, neck, shaft, tubercle, grooves for subclavian vein and artery
  • scalene tubercle for attachment of anterior scalene muscle
  • relations: subclavian vessels and apex of lung
  • features: broadest, shortest and most sharply curved rib
18
Q

What muscles attach to the first rib

A

anterior/middle scalene
subclavius
intercostals
serratus anterior

19
Q

What nerves are associated with the first rib

A
  • sympathetic trunk
  • inferior trunk of brachial plexus
20
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the heart

A

left: 2nd costal cartilage to 5th ICS midclavicular line
right: 3rd costal cartilage to 6th costal cartilage

21
Q

Describe the borders of the heart

A
  • right: right atrium in line with SVC and IVC
  • inferior: right ventricle, slightly left ventricle near apex
  • left: left ventricle, slightly left auricle
  • superior: great vessels and both atria
  • anterior: right ventricle
  • base: left atrium
22
Q

What part of the heart lies directly behind the sternum

A

right ventricle

23
Q

Describe the cardiac conduction system

A
  • SA node: anterolaterally at junction of SVC and right atrium
  • AV node: posteroinferiorly in interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus
  • AV bundle: comes off AV node, via fibrous skeleton, along membranous IV septum, divides into RBB and LBB
24
Q

What is the blood supply of the conducting system

A
  • SA node: RCA in 60%, LCA in 40%
  • AV node: RCA in 80%, LCA in 20%
  • AV bundle: LAD in most
25
Q

Model of heart: demonstrate the arterial blood supply

A

Right coronary artery:
- originates from right aortic sinus and runs in coronary AV sulcus between atria and ventricles
- gives off an SA nodal branch in 60% of people
- right marginal passes inferior to apex and supplied right ventricle and apex
- posterior iv branch runs in posterior IV groove to apex, supplies RV and LV and posterior 1/3 of IVS
- AV nodal branch near origin of posterior IV artery, supplied AV node in 80% of people
- supplies: right atrium, most of right ventricle, diaphragmatic part of left ventricle, part of IV septum, SA/AV nodes

Left coronary artery:
- originates from left aortic sinus, runs in atrioventricular groove
- anterior IV branch (LAD) runs in anterior IV groove to apex and anastomoses with posterior IV branch of RCA
- supplies both ventricles and IV septum and gives off a diagonal branch
- circumflex follows coronary sulcus around left border of heart and supplies left ventricle and gives off left marginal
- supplies: left atrium, most left ventricle, part of right ventricle, most IVS

26
Q

Occlusion of which vessel will result in anterolateral STEMI

A

proximal LAD

27
Q

Model of heart: describe the venous drainage of the heart

A
  • coronary sinus runs left to right in posterior coronary sulcus
  • receives great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein and small cardiac vein
  • drains into right atrium
28
Q

Identify the structural components of the tricupsid valve

A
  • 3 cusps (anterior, posterior and septal) attached to fibrous AV ring
  • in ventricle, cusps attach to tendinous cords called chordae tendinae, which arise from papillary muscles
29
Q

Describe the intercostal muscles

A

External intercostals:
Inferior border of rib to superior border of rib below, run inferoanteriorly
Elevate rib during forceful inspiration, supplied by intercostal nerve

Internal intercostals:
Inferior border of rib to superior border of rib below, run inferoposteriorly
Interosseous part - depresses ribs, active during expiration, supplied by intercostal nerve

Interchondral part
Elevates ribs, active during inspiration, supplied by intercostal nerve

Innermost intercostals
Inferior border of ribs to superior border of rib below
act during forced expiration
supplied by intercostal nerve

Subcostals
Internal surface of lower ribs to superior border of 2nd and 3rd ribs below
Act in same manner as internal intercostals

30
Q

What muscles are responsible for respiration

A
  • diaphragm: primary muscle of inspiration and passive expiration
  • costal muscles: move ribs during forced respiration
  • accessory muscles: scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior
  • abdominal wall muscles: active in forced expiration
31
Q

Landmarks for inserting a chest drain and what layers are transversed

A
  • anterior drain = 2nd intercostal space, midclavicular line
  • lateral drain = 5th intercostal space, just anterior to midaxillary line
  • layers: skin, subcutaneous tissue, external intercostals, internal intercostals, innermost intercostals, parietal pleura
  • structures at risk laterally: neurovascular bundle, long thoracic nerve, lung, diaphragm, liver
32
Q

Where do intercostal vessels run

A

-under the rib in the costal groove, in between internal and innermost intercostal muscles
ordered VAN from superior to inferior

-there is also a collateral vessel bundle at lower section of intercostal space

33
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the intercostal space

A

anteriorly:
-internal thoracic artery gives rise to anterior intercostal artery

posteriorly:
-posterior intercostal arteries directly off aorta

34
Q

What are the contents of the intercostal space

A
  • muscle layer: external, internal and innermost intercostals
  • NV bundle between internal and innermost intercostals
35
Q

What structures do you need to avoid when placing an internal jugular central line

A
  • common carotid artery, apex of lung, trachea,vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, brachial plexus
  • complications: line misplacement, arrhythmia, infection, thrombosis
36
Q

What veins are involved in the drainage of the head and upper limb

A 
internal jugular/external jugular/vertebral
subclavian
brachiocephalic
SVC
37
Q

What are the branches of the subclavian artery

A
  • first part: vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, thyrocervical trunk
  • second part: costocervical artery
  • third part: dorsal scapular artery
VIT C & D
38
Q

Describe the course of the subclavian artery

A
  • continuation of bracheocephalic trunk on the right, directly coming off aortic arch on the left, run posterior to sternoclavicular joints
  • passes posterior to anterior scalene muscle, descends posterior to middle of clavicle
  • passes over first rib to become the axillary artery
39
Q

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk

A

inferior thyroid
suprascapular
transverse cervical

40
Q

What are the posterior relations of the thyroid gland

A

cricothyroid membrane
trachea
right and left common carotid arteries laterally
RLNs
inferior thyroid a. and v.
parathyroid glands

41
Q

What are the branches of the descending thoracic aorta?

A

posterior intercostal arteries
oesophageal artery
bronchial artery
pericardial artery
superior phrenic a
subcostal a

ACEM Viva (39 decks)

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