anatomy: thoracic wall

Question 1

explain the attachments of the tubercle of the rib

Answer 1

Smooth articular facet (costo-transverst joint) for the transverse process of the numerically corresponding vertebra.
Rough (non-articular) part for attachment of the lateral costo-transverse ligament.

Question 2

what are the characteristics of a typical rib? and how many typical ribs are there?

Answer 2

3 to 9 are typical ribs

Typical rib = Head with 2 facets, tubercle with facet and shaft twisted

Question 3

characteristic of the 1st atypical rib?

Answer 3

Broadest and most curved rib.
Head with one complete facet.
The tubercle coincides with the angle.
Outer and inner borders.
Upper and lower surfaces.
Scalene tubercle on the inner border & scalene ridge on the upper surface.
Grooves on superior surface for subclavian vessels.
Rarely fractured because of its protected position postero-inferior to the clavicle.

Question 4

2nd atypical rib characteristics

Answer 4

Head with 2 facets
Tubercle with facet
Not twisted
Tuberosity for serratus anterior

Question 5

talk about the 10th 11th and 12 the atypical rib?

Answer 5

all of them has only one facet in the head, 10th has tuberosity but 11 and 12th does not 11th has angle but 12th does not have angle as well and the anterior end is pointed

Question 6

jugularnotch is at the level of which vertebrae

Answer 6

INF BORDER OF T2

Question 7

sternal angle is at the level of which cartilage and which vertebrae

Answer 7

Level with the 2nd costal cartilage and lower border of T4 vertebra.

Question 8

what is a sternal foramen

Answer 8

a sternal foramen is a whole in the sternal body due to the incomplete fusion of the sternebrae.

Question 9

teh xiphesternal joint is in level with what

Answer 9

Central tendon of diaphragm.
Inferior border of heart.
Superior limit of liver.

Question 10

the xiphoid process is at what level

Answer 10

at the 10th level ie t10 vertebrae

Question 11

the inferior angle of the scapula is opposite to what level

Answer 11

it is opposite to the 7th rib

Question 12

what are the features of typical thoracic vertebrae and how many are they

Answer 12

typical vertebrae are from 2-8th
and their features are:
The Body: is heart-shaped with 2 Demifacets for the articulation with the heads of ribs.
The transverse process: with costal facets for the articulation with the tubercles of ribs.
The spinous processes: are Long, tapered and slanting inferiorly.
The vertebral canal is circular.

Question 13

explain the features of the atypical vertebrae 1

Answer 13

the features include Body: One complete costal facet for head of rib1 and demifacet for rib 2
Transverse process: costal facet for tubercle of rib 1
Spinous process: horizontal

Question 14

explain the features of the rest of the vertebrae t9,10,11 and 12

Answer 14

ok so t9 has only one demifacet on the top it also has a transverse costal facet.
t10 has one whole facet for the articulation of t10 vertebrae and also a transverse costal facet.
t11 only costal facet on the body and no facet on the transverse process sames goes for t12 but t12 inferior articular facet is of lumbar type.

Question 15

tell the extend and action of the external and internal intercostal muscles

Answer 15

external intercostal muscles :From the tubercle of the rib (behind) to the costochondral junction (in front) where it continues as a membrane called the anterior (external) intercostal membrane.
action : inspiration.
internal intercostal muscle:From the lateral margin of the sternum (anteriorly) to the angle of the rib (posteriorly) where it continues as a membrane called posterior (internal) intercostal membrane.
action : forced expiration.

Question 16

explain about the transversus thoraces

Answer 16

we have 3 muscles Sternocostalis,Intercostalis intimi. (innermost intercostal), Subcostalis.
sternocostalis: ORIGIN:
Lower 1/3 of posterior surface of body of sternum & xiphoid process
Insertion:
Costal cartilages from the 2nd to the 6th
DIRECTION OF FIBERS:
Upward and laterally.
NERVE SUPPLY:
Intercostal nerves
action:
Supports the sternocostal joint

intercostalis intimi: ORIGIN:
	Lower border of the rib above 
Insertion:
	Upper border of the rib below
DIRECTION OF FIBERS:
	Downwards and backwards (as internal intercostal) Along the middle two-fourth of the intercostal space .
NERVE SUPPLY: Intercostal nerves
aCTION:
	Elevation of the ribs during inspiration 

subcostalis:ORIGIN:
	Slips from the inner surface of the rib at its angle 
Insertion:
	The 2nd or 3rd rib below 
DIRECTION OF FIBERS:
	Downward and medially .
NERVE SUPPLY:
	Intercostal nerves
aCTION:
	Depresses the ribs during expiration

Question 17

branches of the internal thoracic artery

Answer 17

Pericardiacophrenic artery: runs with the phrenic nerve and supplies the pericardium, the pleura and the diaphragm.
Anterior intercostal arteries: Two for each of the upper six intercostal spaces.
Perforating arteries: Accompany the anterior cutaneous nerves and the perforating branches of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th spaces supply the mammary gland.
Musculophrenic.
Superior epigastric.

Question 18

what are atypical and typical intercostal nerves

Answer 18

Typical intercostal nerves: The nerves from the 3rd to the 6th because they are distributed in the chest wall only.
Atypical intercostal nerves: The upper 2 and last 5 intercostal nerves because they are distributed also outside the chest wall.

Question 19

explain the pump handle type of movement and the bucket handle type of movement.

Answer 19

Because the anterior ends of the ribs are inferior to the posterior ends, when the ribs are elevated, they move the sternum upward and forward.
this is called as the handle pump movement
and As well as the anterior ends of the ribs being lower than the posterior ends, the middles of the shafts tend to be lower than the two ends. When the shafts are elevated, the middles of the shafts move laterally. This ‘bucket handle’ movement increases the lateral dimensions of the thorax

Question 20

Costo-transverse joint:
1st sternochondral joint: : 
2-7: 
Sternoclavicular joint is : 
Manubriosternal joint is 
Xiphesternal joint:

Answer 20

Costo-transverse joint:planetypesynovialjoint
1st sternochondral joint: : primary cartilaginous joint
2-7: catilagenous joint
Sternoclavicular joint is : plain synovial
Manubriosternal joint is secondary cartilaginous joint
Xiphesternal joint: primary cartilaginous joint.