Anatomy Test Blood Flashcards
What is blood?
A fluid connective tissue made of living blood cells floating in nonliving plasma that transports a variety of substances critical for maintaining homeostasis.
What is plasma?
The nonliving fluid component of blood; mainly water with dissolved substances like plasma proteins.
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells; help our body recognize and fight off foreign substances.
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets; cell fragments that help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells; carry O2 and CO2 between lungs and rest of body.
What is hemoglobin?
The protein that contains Fe+2 which readily binds to O2, and thus can carry it.
What is hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation.
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
The hormone that regulates the formation and destruction of red blood cells.
What is hemostasis?
The fast and localized process the body uses to stop bleeding.
What are antigens?
Anything that the body perceives as foreign that activates an immune response; Glycoprotein and glycolipids markers/tags on our cells.
What are antibodies?
Bind to antigens and clump the cells together for destruction.
What are agglutinogens?
The antigens on red blood cells that determine blood type.
What is the Rh factor?
Rhesus antigens on red blood cells that determine if you make anti-Rh antibodies and thus have (+) or (-) blood type.
What is blood flow?
The volume of blood flowing through a blood vessel, organ, or the entire circulation system in a given period.
What is blood pressure?
The force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the blood inside it.
What is resistance?
The opposition to flow; the amount of friction the blood encounters as it passes through the blood vessels.
What are blood vessels?
The dynamic structures that create pathways that constrict and relax in order to transport blood throughout the body.
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
What are arterioles?
Smaller blood vessels that branch off of arteries and feed into capillary beds in our different organs and tissues.
What are capillaries?
Smallest blood vessels with the thinnest walls in order to maximize the exchange of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid.
What is a capillary bed?
A network of capillaries.
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.
What are venules?
Smallest vein components that branch off of capillary beds and feed into bigger and bigger veins that lead back to the heart.
What is the pericardium?
Double walled sac that encloses the heart.
What is the myocardium?
The inner layer of the heart wall that contracts.
What are pacemaker cells?
Noncontractile cells that can spontaneously depolarize without neural input.
What is a heartbeat?
What is heard through a stethoscope; associated with the heart valves closing during the cardiac cycle.
What is systole?
When the heart contracts.
What is diastole?
When the heart relaxes.
What is pulse?
Heart rate, measured by the number of times your heart beats per minute (bpm).
What is ECK or EKG?
Device that tracks the electrical activity of the heart.
What is an AED?
Automated external defibrillator; portable device used to deliver an electric shock to the heart when someone goes into sudden cardiac arrest.
What is lung capacity?
The amount of air that can be held in your lungs.
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air that moves in and out of your lungs with each breath when you are breathing normally.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The maximum amount of air you can breathe in.
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air you can force out after a normal tidal volume exhalation.
What is vital capacity?
The total volume of air that can be expelled from your lungs forcibly after you take your deepest breath.
What is gas exchange?
The diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and blood in the lungs and then later the blood and body tissues.
What are pleurae?
Serous membranes that line the thoracic wall and diaphragm.
What are bronchioles?
The smallest passageways of the respiratory system that empty into the alveolar ducts.
What is cellular respiration?
The set of metabolic reactions that convert chemical energy in food to usable energy (ATP) for the cell, and thus the body.
What is another name for red blood cells (RBCs)?
Erythrocytes.
What are 3 characteristics about mature RBCs?
Consists of Plasma Membrane
Has hemoglobin which contains iron
Has no nucleus or other organelles.
How does the shape of an RBC contribute to its function?
Flattened biconcave shape 🡪 larger surface area for gas exchange and makes them flexible enough to squeeze through tight spaces.
Define hematopoiesis. Where does this process take place and what regulates it?
Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells
Occurs in red bone marrow (skeletal system) and requires the hormone (endocrine system) erythropoietin to regulate it, which is made by the kidneys and liver.
Describe the steps involved in hemostasis. (VPC)
- Vascular Spasm: Smooth muscles in the damaged blood vessels contract to slow blood flow.
- Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets gather and adhere to the damage site and to each other to form a plug.
- Coagulation: Fibrin proteins form a mesh-like clot that closes the gap to heal the blood vessel.
What are antigens and agglutinogens?
All cells have markers/tags called antigens. In red blood cells, these are called agglutinogens.
What is the immune response for a bad transfusion?
If your body recognizes a cell with different antigens from it, these are perceived as foreign 🡪 immune response. Antibodies respond to these antigens by binding to them and clumping the foreign cells together for destruction.
Explain the three factors that can cause resistance to blood flow through the vessels.
Blood Viscosity: More viscous 🡪 more resistance 🡪 less blood flow.
Length of Blood Vessel: Longer blood vessel 🡪 more resistance 🡪 less blood flow.
Diameter of blood vessel: Greater the diameter 🡪 less resistance 🡪 more blood flow.
What is the pathway that oxygen-poor blood takes to become oxygen-rich blood?
Oxygen-poor blood is delivered to the heart through 3 veins (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus) and enters the heart via the right atrium, pushing through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk, which takes it through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via 4 pulmonary veins and enters the heart via the left atrium, pushing through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Then the blood is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta which sends it to the rest of the body.
Describe the order of events that cause the heart to pump.
Electrical event → Distribution → Mechanical event → Pressure Change → fluid movement.
Describe the distinct roles and structures utilized in pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
- Pulmonary circulation: Pumps blood from heart to lungs and back again to oxygenate it. Key structures = right side of the heart, lungs, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins.
- Systemic circulation: Pumps oxygen-rich blood out of heart to tissues, and then brings oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Key structures = left side of the heart, aorta, and superior and inferior vena cavas.
- Coronary circulation: Nourishes the heart with blood. Key structures = left and right coronary arteries and cardiac veins.
Describe the roles of the conducting and respiratory zones, and the structures (nose, bronchioles, alveoli, trachea, bronchi, pharynx, alveolar ducts, larynx) that compose each.
- Conducting Zone: Nose, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi. Function: Warm, humidify, filter.
- Respiratory Zone: Bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts. Function: Gas exchange.
Explain the relationship between volume, pressure, and air flow. Include details about how inspiration and expiration work together to allow us to breathe.
Volume changes in the lungs cause pressure changes, which causes the air to move. Inspiration: Muscles contract 🡪 diaphragm lowers 🡪 increased volume in thoracic cavity 🡪 decreased pressure 🡪 air flows in. Expiration: Muscles relax 🡪 diaphragm rises 🡪 decreased volume in thoracic cavity 🡪 increased pressure 🡪 air is pushed out.
What is the purpose of the capillary network, vein, and artery?
Arteries take blood away from heart and bring oxygen-poor blood from heart to alveoli for gas exchange (CO2 for O2). Gas exchange occurs in capillary bed. Veins bring blood back to heart and carry oxygen-rich blood back to heart to be pumped to the body.
