Anatomy Test 2(Skeletal) Flashcards
Hematopoiesis
Stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that
maintain that stability
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue found throughout the body
Ligament
Short bands of tough but flexible dense connective tissue that
connect two bones and stabilize joints
Tendon
Cords of dense connective tissue that connect muscles to
bones
Joint
Junction between 2 or more bones that includes the cartilage,
ligaments and tendons needed to allow movement and flexibility
in the body
Intervertebral discs
Cushioning pads that absorb shock and protect against tension
or torsion between the vertebrae of the vertebral column
Osteoblast
Type of bone cell used to build and construct bones by
calcifying bone as it forms
Osteoclast
Type of bone cell that is critical in the regeneration of bone
through bone remodeling
Ossification
The process of bone tissue formation (osteogenesis)
Compare and contrast the structure and function of the
upper limbs to the lower limbs.
Similarities: both are part of the appendicular skeleton and thus
are critical for movement; bones are structurally organized very
similarly
Differences:
Upper limbs = humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and
phalanges
Lower limbs = femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges; play an additional key function in supporting the body
Explain how and why the pelvic girdles of females differ from
those in males.
There are major structural modifications to the female pelvis
compared to the male (female has a much wider birth canal and
pubic arch) in order to accommodate for a growing fetus and the birth
of an infant.
Differentiate between true
ribs, false ribs, and
floating ribs.
True ribs are the 7 pairs
directly attached to the
sternum.
False ribs are the 5 pairs that
are not attached directly.
Floating ribs are the last 2
pairs of false ribs that do not
attach to the rib cage on the
anterior side.
Give an example of each types of bone classification
(long, short, flat and irregular) and its function in the
skeleton.
Long: act as levers to aid in movement
Ex. Arm bones
Short: provide support and stability with little movement
Ex. Wrist bones
Flat: have a large surface area for muscle attachment
Ex. Shoulder blades (scapulae)
Irregular: highly specialized shape and thus function
Ex. Vertebrae
List the two components of treating fractures, and
then describe the main steps in the repair process.
Reduction and immobilization are key for treating
fractures.
A hematoma forms where blood vessels in the bone were
torn. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms to connect the broken
ends. Osteoblasts begin to make spongy bone and replace
the callus, and then bone remodeling occurs, as described
above.
Sesamoid bone
A special type of short bone, shaped like a sesame seed, that is
embedded within tendons to provide support and stability with
little movement
Osteon
The basic structural unit of compact bone; long cylinders that act as tiny weight-bearing pillars in the bone
Lamellae
Groups of hollow tubes that make up osteons and are filled with tiny salts and collagen fibers to help the bone resist torsion stress
Central Canal
Runs through the middle of each osteon and contains small
blood vessels for nourishing the bone and nerve fibers for
signaling
Trabeculae
Tiny bone struts in spongy bone that help it to resist stress;
where bone marrow is
Osteocyte
Type of bone cell housed in the lacunae that maintains
healthy bone structure
Defend the claim that bone is a living organ
An organ is a group of 2 or more tissues working together for a
common function. Bone is a living organ because it contains all
4 tissue types!
Connective tissue: majority of bone is osseous tissue but also contains
cartilage and dense connective tissue too
Nervous tissue: in the nerves that innervate bones
Epithelial tissue: in the blood vessels that nourish bones
Muscle tissue: skeletal muscle tissue
Describe the different functions of the skeletal system
Support
Guard and Protect Critical Organs(Brain, Heart, etc.)
Aids Movement
Stores key minerals for blood and energy(yellow bone marrow)
Site of Blood cell formation(red bone marrow)
Produces key hormones for regulation of
glucose, blood calcium levels, and more.
Differentiate between the structural components and
overall functions of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
Axial skeleton: all of the bones off the main axis/trunk of the
body (skull, vertebral column, chest, and rib cage) with an overall
function of protecting critical organs and support
Appendicular skeleton: all of the bones of the limbs and girdles
(arms, legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles) with an overall function
of providing movement and support
Explain how the pectoral and pelvic girdles serve as
attachment points for the appendicular skeleton to the axial
skeleton. Specify the points of attachment for the
appendages and include why the structure of each aids in its
unique function for the skeleton.
Pectoral girdle: attaches the upper limbs to the body’s trunk, and
consists of the clavicles and scapulae. The clavicles attach to the
sternum on one end and the scapulae on the other ends. Each
scapula connects to the humerus in the upper limb and to the
clavicle. Additionally, the scapulae are attached to the rib cage and
vertebral column only by muscles, giving the pectoral girdle lots of
mobility and flexibility.
Pelvic girdle: attaches the lower limbs to the body’s trunk and
consists of the sacrum and hip bones with extremely strong ligaments
making this girdle incredibly sturdy and have much less mobility. It
also plays a role in protecting the reproductive organs, bladder, and
lower part of the digestive tract.
Give examples of different bone markings and
explain why they are notable.
Projections show where muscles and ligaments attach.
Surfaces form joints.
Depressions and openings reveal where blood vessels
and nerves run through.
Distinguish between the two types of bone
formation.
Intramembranous ossification: when bone develops from
a fibrous membrane to a membranous bone.
Endochondral ossification: when bone develops from
replacing cartilage with endochondral bone.
Summarize the process of bone remodeling.
Osteocytes release chemical signals that send osteoclasts
to the site of damage.
Once there they release enzymes that allow Ca3(PO4)2 to
be digested 🡪 calcium and phosphate resorbed into blood.
Macrophages promote bone tissue remodeling and
osteoblasts come in and build the new bone.
