Anatomy Test 2(Skeletal)

Question 1

Hematopoiesis

Answer 1

Stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that
maintain that stability

Question 2

Cartilage

Answer 2

Flexible connective tissue found throughout the body

Question 3

Ligament

Answer 3

Short bands of tough but flexible dense connective tissue that
connect two bones and stabilize joints

Question 4

Tendon

Answer 4

Cords of dense connective tissue that connect muscles to
bones

Question 5

Joint

Answer 5

Junction between 2 or more bones that includes the cartilage,
ligaments and tendons needed to allow movement and flexibility
in the body

Question 6

Intervertebral discs

Answer 6

Cushioning pads that absorb shock and protect against tension
or torsion between the vertebrae of the vertebral column

Question 7

Osteoblast

Answer 7

Type of bone cell used to build and construct bones by
calcifying bone as it forms

Question 8

Osteoclast

Answer 8

Type of bone cell that is critical in the regeneration of bone
through bone remodeling

Question 9

Ossification

Answer 9

The process of bone tissue formation (osteogenesis)

Question 10

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the
upper limbs to the lower limbs.

Answer 10

Similarities: both are part of the appendicular skeleton and thus
are critical for movement; bones are structurally organized very
similarly
Differences:
Upper limbs = humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and
phalanges
Lower limbs = femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges; play an additional key function in supporting the body

Question 11

Explain how and why the pelvic girdles of females differ from
those in males.

Answer 11

There are major structural modifications to the female pelvis
compared to the male (female has a much wider birth canal and
pubic arch) in order to accommodate for a growing fetus and the birth
of an infant.

Question 12

Differentiate between true
ribs, false ribs, and
floating ribs.

Answer 12

True ribs are the 7 pairs
directly attached to the
sternum.
False ribs are the 5 pairs that
are not attached directly.
Floating ribs are the last 2
pairs of false ribs that do not
attach to the rib cage on the
anterior side.

Question 13

Give an example of each types of bone classification
(long, short, flat and irregular) and its function in the
skeleton.

Answer 13

Long: act as levers to aid in movement
Ex. Arm bones
Short: provide support and stability with little movement
Ex. Wrist bones
Flat: have a large surface area for muscle attachment
Ex. Shoulder blades (scapulae)
Irregular: highly specialized shape and thus function
Ex. Vertebrae

Question 14

List the two components of treating fractures, and
then describe the main steps in the repair process.

Answer 14

Reduction and immobilization are key for treating
fractures.
A hematoma forms where blood vessels in the bone were
torn. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms to connect the broken
ends. Osteoblasts begin to make spongy bone and replace
the callus, and then bone remodeling occurs, as described
above.

Question 15

Sesamoid bone

Answer 15

A special type of short bone, shaped like a sesame seed, that is
embedded within tendons to provide support and stability with
little movement

Question 16

Osteon

Answer 16

The basic structural unit of compact bone; long cylinders that act as tiny weight-bearing pillars in the bone

Question 17

Lamellae

Answer 17

Groups of hollow tubes that make up osteons and are filled with tiny salts and collagen fibers to help the bone resist torsion stress

Question 18

Central Canal

Answer 18

Runs through the middle of each osteon and contains small
blood vessels for nourishing the bone and nerve fibers for
signaling

Question 19

Trabeculae

Answer 19

Tiny bone struts in spongy bone that help it to resist stress;
where bone marrow is

Question 20

Osteocyte

Answer 20

Type of bone cell housed in the lacunae that maintains
healthy bone structure

Question 21

Defend the claim that bone is a living organ

Answer 21

An organ is a group of 2 or more tissues working together for a
common function. Bone is a living organ because it contains all
4 tissue types!
Connective tissue: majority of bone is osseous tissue but also contains
cartilage and dense connective tissue too
Nervous tissue: in the nerves that innervate bones
Epithelial tissue: in the blood vessels that nourish bones
Muscle tissue: skeletal muscle tissue

Question 22

Describe the different functions of the skeletal system

Answer 22

Support
Guard and Protect Critical Organs(Brain, Heart, etc.)
Aids Movement
Stores key minerals for blood and energy(yellow bone marrow)
Site of Blood cell formation(red bone marrow)
Produces key hormones for regulation of
glucose, blood calcium levels, and more.

Question 23

Differentiate between the structural components and
overall functions of the axial and appendicular skeletons.

Answer 23

Axial skeleton: all of the bones off the main axis/trunk of the
body (skull, vertebral column, chest, and rib cage) with an overall
function of protecting critical organs and support
Appendicular skeleton: all of the bones of the limbs and girdles
(arms, legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles) with an overall function
of providing movement and support

Question 24

Explain how the pectoral and pelvic girdles serve as
attachment points for the appendicular skeleton to the axial
skeleton. Specify the points of attachment for the
appendages and include why the structure of each aids in its
unique function for the skeleton.

Answer 24

Pectoral girdle: attaches the upper limbs to the body’s trunk, and
consists of the clavicles and scapulae. The clavicles attach to the
sternum on one end and the scapulae on the other ends. Each
scapula connects to the humerus in the upper limb and to the
clavicle. Additionally, the scapulae are attached to the rib cage and
vertebral column only by muscles, giving the pectoral girdle lots of
mobility and flexibility.
Pelvic girdle: attaches the lower limbs to the body’s trunk and
consists of the sacrum and hip bones with extremely strong ligaments
making this girdle incredibly sturdy and have much less mobility. It
also plays a role in protecting the reproductive organs, bladder, and
lower part of the digestive tract.

Question 25

Give examples of different bone markings and
explain why they are notable.

Answer 25

Projections show where muscles and ligaments attach.
Surfaces form joints.
Depressions and openings reveal where blood vessels
and nerves run through.

Question 26

Distinguish between the two types of bone
formation.

Answer 26

Intramembranous ossification: when bone develops from
a fibrous membrane to a membranous bone.
Endochondral ossification: when bone develops from
replacing cartilage with endochondral bone.

Question 27

Summarize the process of bone remodeling.

Answer 27

Osteocytes release chemical signals that send osteoclasts
to the site of damage.
Once there they release enzymes that allow Ca3(PO4)2 to
be digested 🡪 calcium and phosphate resorbed into blood.
Macrophages promote bone tissue remodeling and
osteoblasts come in and build the new bone.