Anatomy Test 2 Flashcards
What is the mechanism of capillary exchange?
Diffusion
Identify the three functions of the lymphatic system:
Three main functions:
1. ) take up excess tissue fluid and return it to bloodstream (fluid balance) 2. ) absorb fats from digestive tract and transport them to bloodstream (absorption) 3. ) help defend the body against disease (immunity)
What is the difference between plasma, IF, & lymphatic fluid (3 extra cellular fluids)
Location
Plasma is compositionally higher in proteins!
Explain the factors affecting flow of lymph fluid:
1) lymphatic pumps & valves to prevent back flow
2) gravity pulls it towards the middle of the earth
3) breathing movement & skeletal muscle contractions pump lymph through lymphatic vessels as they do with blood through veins
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphatic organs?
Primary
◦Where lymphocytes are produced & mature (B lymphocytes in the red bone marrow & T lymphocytes in thymus gland)
Secondary ◦Where lymphocytes encounter & bind with antigens (lymph nodes and spleen, tonsils)
Explain Immunity:
►Immunity: the body’s ability to repel foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells
Identify and distinguish the two types of immunity:
►Innate (nonspecific immunity): does not distinguish between different pathogens
►Adaptive (specific) immunity: to respond to a specific pathogen
What’s the initial response to tissue damage?
White blood cells release chemicals
Describe in general terms the inflammatory response:
Trauma triggers WB or (mast cells) to release chemicals which causes vasodilation and increase in blood flow to that part of the body to faciltate immunity and healing.
Adverse effects: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
What`s the general mechanism of B cells and T cells?
What do B & T cells provide and produce?
B cells provide antibody-mediated immunity (humoral-body fluid- immunity)
*produce antibodies that attack pathogens
T cells provide cell-mediated immunity
*attack cells directly, produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus
What are the two categories of lymphocytes?
B Cells and T Cells
What is active immunity?
Active immunity: induced by exposure to a pathogen, either naturally or by vaccine (antigen containing substance)
What is passive immunity?
Passive immunity: a person is given antibodies for a specific disease
What is clonal selection?
- Process where certain B & T cells are selected & multiplied
How does the respiratory system function?
Respiratory system functions by the alveoli they are sacs that serve as gas exchangers.
What does the respiratory function include?
External respiration
Transport of gases by the blood
Internal respiration
* exchange & transport gases
Describe internal & external gas exchange:
Oxygen goes from where there’s more to where there’s less
- carbon dioxide goes from where there’s more to where there’s less
- This take place by diffusion on a pressure & concentration gradient
Describe the 2 phases of the respiratory cycle:
breathing in and breathing out.
What are allergies?
Hypersensitivity to harmless substances that cause an inflammatory response.
What are the 2 factors that affect diffusion?
- concentration gradients - you have to have a difference in concentration
- pressure gradients - determines how readily and quickly material is exchanged
How is lymph different from blood?
- blood circulates
* lymph flows
Describe Pulmonary Ventilation:
Muscles contract, lungs expand, volume goes up, pressure goes down, air goes in. muscles relax, lungs relax, volume goes down, pressure goes up, air goes out.
What are aveoli?
Alveoli are sacs that serve as gas exchangers
* Primary gas exchange structures
How does gas exchange take place with blood?
diffusion - oxygen goes from where there is more to less
Compare lymphatic veins to cardiovascular veins:
Structurally similar to cardiovascular veins but with thinner walls & more valves
