Anatomy Test 2

Question 1

What is the mechanism of capillary exchange?

Answer 1

Diffusion

Question 2

Identify the three functions of the lymphatic system:

Answer 2

Three main functions:

   1. ) take up excess tissue fluid and return it to bloodstream (fluid balance)
   2. ) absorb fats from digestive tract and transport them to bloodstream (absorption)
   3. ) help defend the body against disease (immunity)

Question 3

What is the difference between plasma, IF, & lymphatic fluid (3 extra cellular fluids)

Answer 3

Location

Plasma is compositionally higher in proteins!

Question 4

Explain the factors affecting flow of lymph fluid:

Answer 4

1) lymphatic pumps & valves to prevent back flow
2) gravity pulls it towards the middle of the earth
3) breathing movement & skeletal muscle contractions pump lymph through lymphatic vessels as they do with blood through veins

Question 5

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 5

Primary
◦Where lymphocytes are produced & mature (B lymphocytes in the red bone marrow & T lymphocytes in thymus gland)
Secondary ◦Where lymphocytes encounter & bind with antigens (lymph nodes and spleen, tonsils)

Question 6

Explain Immunity:

Answer 6

►Immunity: the body’s ability to repel foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells

Question 7

Identify and distinguish the two types of immunity:

Answer 7

►Innate (nonspecific immunity): does not distinguish between different pathogens

►Adaptive (specific) immunity: to respond to a specific pathogen

Question 8

What’s the initial response to tissue damage?

Answer 8

White blood cells release chemicals

Question 9

Describe in general terms the inflammatory response:

Answer 9

Trauma triggers WB or (mast cells) to release chemicals which causes vasodilation and increase in blood flow to that part of the body to faciltate immunity and healing.
Adverse effects: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Question 10

What`s the general mechanism of B cells and T cells?

What do B & T cells provide and produce?

Answer 10

B cells provide antibody-mediated immunity (humoral-body fluid- immunity)
*produce antibodies that attack pathogens

T cells provide cell-mediated immunity
*attack cells directly, produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus

Question 11

What are the two categories of lymphocytes?

Answer 11

B Cells and T Cells

Question 12

What is active immunity?

Answer 12

Active immunity: induced by exposure to a pathogen, either naturally or by vaccine (antigen containing substance)

Question 13

What is passive immunity?

Answer 13

Passive immunity: a person is given antibodies for a specific disease

Question 14

What is clonal selection?

Answer 14

• Process where certain B & T cells are selected & multiplied

Question 15

How does the respiratory system function?

Answer 15

Respiratory system functions by the alveoli they are sacs that serve as gas exchangers.

Question 16

What does the respiratory function include?

Answer 16

External respiration
Transport of gases by the blood
Internal respiration
* exchange & transport gases

Question 17

Describe internal & external gas exchange:

Answer 17

Oxygen goes from where there’s more to where there’s less

• carbon dioxide goes from where there’s more to where there’s less
• This take place by diffusion on a pressure & concentration gradient

Question 18

Describe the 2 phases of the respiratory cycle:

Answer 18

breathing in and breathing out.

Question 19

What are allergies?

Answer 19

Hypersensitivity to harmless substances that cause an inflammatory response.

Question 20

What are the 2 factors that affect diffusion?

Answer 20

• concentration gradients - you have to have a difference in concentration
• pressure gradients - determines how readily and quickly material is exchanged

Question 21

How is lymph different from blood?

Answer 21

• blood circulates

* lymph flows

Question 22

Describe Pulmonary Ventilation:

Answer 22

Muscles contract, lungs expand, volume goes up, pressure goes down, air goes in. muscles relax, lungs relax, volume goes down, pressure goes up, air goes out.

Question 23

What are aveoli?

Answer 23

Alveoli are sacs that serve as gas exchangers

* Primary gas exchange structures

Question 24

How does gas exchange take place with blood?

Answer 24

diffusion - oxygen goes from where there is more to less

Question 25

Compare lymphatic veins to cardiovascular veins:

Answer 25

Structurally similar to cardiovascular veins but with thinner walls & more valves