Anatomy & physiology- Test 3 Flashcards
Distinguish the difference between alveolar ventilation & perfusion:
►Alveolar ventilation: air flow to the alveoli
►Alveolar perfusion: blood flow to the alveoli
What 3 factors in your body monitor respiratory rate?
Changes in the Po2, Pco2 and pH of arterial blood influence medullary rhythmicity area.
What layer in the GI tract facilitates movement?
Smooth muscle
What is the path of food?
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine.
What are the 3 accessory organs?
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
List three functions of the stomach? (He’ll only want three)
►Resevoir for food until it is partially digested and moved further along GI tract
►Secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion of food
►Breaks food into small particles and mixes them with gastric juice
►Limited absorption
►Produces gastrin and ghrelin
►Helps protect body from pathogenic bacteria
swallowed with food
What is the function of the small intestine?
Absorbs nutrients
What is the function of the large intestine?
Transports
List 3 of the 5 functions of the liver!
►Detoxification: ingested toxic substances and toxic substances formed in intestines may be changed to nontoxic substances by liver cells
►Bile secretion: bile salts are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile
§liver cells secrete approximately 1 pint of bile per day
►Carries out important steps in the metabolizing of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
►Storage of substances such as iron and some vitamins
►Production of important plasma proteins
What is the function of the gallbladder?
§Storage of bile
§Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold
What is the function of the pancreas?
Secretes digestive enzymes.
The primary function of the digestive system is?
►The primary function of the digestive system is to bring essential nutrients into the internal environment so that they are available to each cell of the body
Define mechanical digestion:
The breakdown of large particles into small particles to facilitate chemical digestion
What are the two modes of digestion?
Mechanical digestion & Chemical digestion
What are the two main types of motility produced by the smooth muscle of GI tract?
Peristalsis and Segmentation
Describe Peristalsis:
Muscle contraction causing forward movement.
Describe Segmentation:
►Segmentation: digestive reflexes cause a back and forth movement within a single segment of the GI tract
§ helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food into contact with intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption
What is chemical digestion?
Breakdown of large molecules into small molecules
How does defecation occur?
►Defecation occurs as a result of a reflex brought about by stimulation of receptors in the rectal mucosa that is produced when rectum is distended
Describe the Kidneys
Kidneys- produce urine
What are the four functions of the kidneys?
- ) Excretion of metabolic wastes
- ) Maintenance of water-salt balance
- ) Maintenance of blood PH
- ) Secretion of hormones
Describe the 3 processes of the kidneys?
§Filtration: chemicals out of the bloodstream
§Tubular reabsorption: chemicals come out of the tubules, the reabsorption of chemicals into bloodstream
§Tubular secretion: secretion of chemicals from the blood into the tubule
What chemical regulates water absorption?
Sodium!
What are the three water regulating hormones? And describe whether the cause or oppose reabsorption:
Aldosterone- promotes reabsorption of water Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)- causes kidneys to reabsorb less water Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - reduces water loss
The three major areas of the kidneys?
1) the renal cortex
2) the renal medulla
3) the renal pelvis
Describe nephrons
Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
Label the anatomy of the nephron:
1)Glomerular or (Bowman’s) capsule
2)Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
3)Loop of the nephron or (Henle’s loop)
4)Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
5)Collecting ducts
6)Glomerulus
7)Peritubular capillary network
Label diagram!!!
Describe Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder - stores urine
Describe Ureters:
Ureters - transport urine
Describe Urethra
Urethra - passes urine to outside
What are the four parts of the urinary system?
1) Kidneys
2) Bladder
3) Ureters
4) Urethra
