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anatomy > Anatomy & physiology- Test 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy & physiology- Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Distinguish the difference between alveolar ventilation & perfusion:

A

►Alveolar ventilation: air flow to the alveoli

►Alveolar perfusion: blood flow to the alveoli

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1
Q

What 3 factors in your body monitor respiratory rate?

A

Changes in the Po2, Pco2 and pH of arterial blood influence medullary rhythmicity area.

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2
Q

What layer in the GI tract facilitates movement?

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

What is the path of food?

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine.

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4
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs?

A

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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5
Q

List three functions of the stomach? (He’ll only want three)

A

►Resevoir for food until it is partially digested and moved further along GI tract

►Secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion of food

►Breaks food into small particles and mixes them with gastric juice

►Limited absorption

►Produces gastrin and ghrelin

►Helps protect body from pathogenic bacteria
swallowed with food

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6
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Absorbs nutrients

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7
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Transports

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8
Q

List 3 of the 5 functions of the liver!

A

►Detoxification: ingested toxic substances and toxic substances formed in intestines may be changed to nontoxic substances by liver cells

►Bile secretion: bile salts are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile
§liver cells secrete approximately 1 pint of bile per day

►Carries out important steps in the metabolizing of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

►Storage of substances such as iron and some vitamins

►Production of important plasma proteins

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9
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

§Storage of bile

§Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold

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10
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes.

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11
Q

The primary function of the digestive system is?

A

►The primary function of the digestive system is to bring essential nutrients into the internal environment so that they are available to each cell of the body

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12
Q

Define mechanical digestion:

A

The breakdown of large particles into small particles to facilitate chemical digestion

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13
Q

What are the two modes of digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion & Chemical digestion

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14
Q

What are the two main types of motility produced by the smooth muscle of GI tract?

A

Peristalsis and Segmentation

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15
Q

Describe Peristalsis:

A

Muscle contraction causing forward movement.

16
Q

Describe Segmentation:

A

►Segmentation: digestive reflexes cause a back and forth movement within a single segment of the GI tract
§ helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food into contact with intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption

17
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Breakdown of large molecules into small molecules

18
Q

How does defecation occur?

A

►Defecation occurs as a result of a reflex brought about by stimulation of receptors in the rectal mucosa that is produced when rectum is distended

19
Q

Describe the Kidneys

A

Kidneys- produce urine

20
Q

What are the four functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. ) Excretion of metabolic wastes
  2. ) Maintenance of water-salt balance
  3. ) Maintenance of blood PH
  4. ) Secretion of hormones
21
Q

Describe the 3 processes of the kidneys?

A

§Filtration: chemicals out of the bloodstream
§Tubular reabsorption: chemicals come out of the tubules, the reabsorption of chemicals into bloodstream
§Tubular secretion: secretion of chemicals from the blood into the tubule

22
Q

What chemical regulates water absorption?

A

Sodium!

23
Q

What are the three water regulating hormones? And describe whether the cause or oppose reabsorption:

A 
Aldosterone- promotes reabsorption of water
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)- causes kidneys to reabsorb less water
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - reduces water loss
24
Q

The three major areas of the kidneys?

A

1) the renal cortex
2) the renal medulla
3) the renal pelvis

25
Q

Describe nephrons

A

Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

26
Q

Label the anatomy of the nephron:

A

1)Glomerular or (Bowman’s) capsule
2)Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
3)Loop of the nephron or (Henle’s loop)
4)Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
5)Collecting ducts
6)Glomerulus
7)Peritubular capillary network
Label diagram!!!

27
Q

Describe Urinary bladder

A

Urinary bladder - stores urine

28
Q

Describe Ureters:

A

Ureters - transport urine

29
Q

Describe Urethra

A

Urethra - passes urine to outside

30
Q

What are the four parts of the urinary system?

A

1) Kidneys
2) Bladder
3) Ureters
4) Urethra

anatomy (3 decks)

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