Anatomy Terminology And Cells Ppt Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
What is physiology?
The study of how the body and its parts work or function.
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
You cannot separate structure and function – they work together to maintain life within the body.
What languages are the terms used in anatomy derived from?
Latin and Greek.
What are the components of a word in anatomy terminology?
Prefix (beginning), root (main focus), and suffix (end).
Define ‘cardiology’.
The study of the heart.
What is the anatomical position?
Body is in a standing posture, arms at the sides, palms turned forward, head and feet pointing forward.
What does ‘superior’ mean in anatomical terms?
Toward the head, upper or above.
What does ‘inferior’ mean in anatomical terms?
Toward the feet, lower or below.
What does ‘anterior’ mean?
Front, in front of.
What does ‘posterior’ mean?
Back, in back of.
What does ‘medial’ refer to?
Toward midline of body.
What does ‘lateral’ mean?
Toward the side of the body.
What does ‘proximal’ mean?
Toward or nearest the trunk, nearest point of origin of one of its parts.
What does ‘distal’ mean?
Away from, or furthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part.
What does ‘superficial’ refer to?
Nearer the surface.
What does ‘deep’ mean in anatomical terms?
Further away from the body surface.
What is the difference between prone and supine positions?
Prone – anterior side of the body is facing the floor; Supine – anterior side of the body is facing the roof.
What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
Epigastric, hypogastric, umbilical, iliac (inguinal), hypochondriac.
What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.
What are the three main parts of a cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Cell outer border, formed by a membrane.
What is cytoplasm?
The liquid component of the cells that houses all the organelles.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Control centre of the cell.
What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?
Cell powerhouse for the production of ATP.
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum produce?
Phospholipids for the cell membrane.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Cell transport for lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to other parts of the cell.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Storage vessel for enzymes for the digestion of old organelles or foreign matter.
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Produces proteins from RNA.
What is the Fluid Mosaic model?
Structure of the plasma membrane consisting of two lipid layers arranged tail to tail with proteins ‘floating’ in them.
What is passive transport?
Transport that does not require energy.
What is osmosis?
Movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration.
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
An example of active transport that moves molecules against the concentration gradient.
What is exocytosis?
Moves substances out of the cells.
What is endocytosis?
Moves substances into the cells.
What is pinocytosis?
Ingestion of fluids and solute molecules through small vesicles.
What is phagocytosis?
Ingestion of large particles (bacteria) through large vesicles.
What is the role of the cytoskeleton?
Provides structural support for the cell membrane.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site within the nucleus that forms ribosome subunits for production of proteins.
What are the components of intracellular fluid?
Solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients and salts dissolved in water.
What is interstitial fluid?
Solution containing rich nutritious fluid, contains hormones, neurotransmitters, salts and waste products.
What is the process of endocytosis?
The process of transporting fluids and solute molecules into cells through small vesicles.
What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through large vesicles.
What is cytoplasm?
The internal living materials of cells that fill the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
What is cytosol?
The semi-transparent fluid that suspends organelles within the cytoplasm.
What are organelles?
Small structures within the cytoplasm that act as the interior environment of each cell.
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Threadlike structures that hold organelles in place within the cell.
What is the function of mitochondria?
The powerhouse of the cell responsible for the production of ATP.
What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Contains ribosomes for protein production.
What do ribosomes do?
Produce proteins from RNA.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
Transport lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to other parts of the cell.
What are peroxisomes?
Storage vessels containing enzymes for the breakdown of amino acids and fatty acids.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Storage vessels for enzymes that digest old organelles or foreign matter like bacteria.
What is the nucleus of a cell?
The control center that contains genetic material (DNA).
What does DNA hold the instructions for?
Building proteins.
What are the three regions of the nucleus?
- Nuclear envelope
- Nucleoli
- Chromatin
What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane barrier that encloses the nucleoplasm.
What are nucleoli?
Sites where ribosome structures are assembled.
What is chromatin?
Loose networks of DNA combined with protein when a cell is not dividing.
What are microvilli?
Tiny finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area.
What is the function of cilia?
Whiplike extensions that move substances along the cell surface.
What is the only example of a flagellated cell in humans?
Sperm cells.
What is the primary function of cell division?
To produce more cells for growth and repair.
What happens during DNA synthesis?
The DNA helix uncoils and separates into two nucleotide chains, each serving as a template.
What are the two main events of cell division?
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
What is mitosis?
The process that results in two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
What are the four phases of mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm that occurs during cell division.
What is meiosis?
The process of creating egg and sperm cells that allows genetic variation.
Why are proteins important in cells?
They perform essential functions that determine the health and function of the cell.
What structural role do proteins play?
Provide structural support for cells, such as in connective tissue like collagen.
How do proteins facilitate transport?
By transporting molecules across cell membranes and throughout the body.
What role do proteins play in cell communication?
They bind to signaling molecules to allow cells to communicate with their environment.
How do proteins function as enzymes?
They catalyze chemical reactions within cells.
What role do proteins play in cell division?
They control the process of cell division.
How do proteins affect metabolism?
They control metabolic processes within the cell.
How do proteins maintain pH balance?
By helping to maintain proper pH levels in the blood.
What is signal transduction in relation to proteins?
The process by which proteins allow cells to respond to environmental cues.
