Anatomy Stuff Flashcards
Hypothalamus
is a structure of brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus with both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones.
Pituitary Gland
(hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of your brain, behind the bridge of your nose and directly below your hypothalamus, it is one of eight interrelated major endocrine glands
Growth Hormone
GH; also called somatotropin regulates the growth of the human body, protein synthesis, and cellular replication.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
TSH; Regulates the activity of the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH; also called corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol.
Gonadotropins
hormones that regulate the function of the gonads.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
FSH; glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men.
Luteinizing Hormone
LH; triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. LH stimulates production of testosterone by the male testes.
Prolactin
PRL; promotes lactation (milk production) in women.
Oxytocin
a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.
Antidiuretic Hormone
ADH; chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced. A high ADH level causes the body to produce less urine.
Parathyroid Glands
Four small glands of the endocrine system which regulate the calcium in our bodies. Parathyroid glands are located in the neck behind the thyroid where they continuously monitor and regulate blood calcium levels.
Thymus Gland
a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system.
Pineal Gland
Is located in the center of the brain. The main function is to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.
Calcitonin
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that helps to regulate blood calcium.
Glucagon
hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps to regulate blood glucose.
Insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps to regulate blood glucose.
Parathyroid Hormone
hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that helps to regulate blood calcium.
Pineal Gland
small gland located inside of the brain that secretes melatonin.
Natural Killer Cell
NK; is a circulating blood cell that contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules in its extensive cytoplasm.
Inflammatory Response
The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.
Histamine
a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
Phagocytes
The phagocytes are the body’s fast acting, first line of immunological defense against organisms that have breached barrier defenses and have entered the vulnerable tissues of the body.
Lymphocytes
coordinate the activities of adaptive immunity
Macrophage
irregularly shaped phagocyte and is the most versatile of the phagocytes in the body.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that help heals damaged tissues and resolves infections.
Self-Regulation
ability to distinguish between self-antigens, those that are normally present in the body, and foreign antigens, those that might be on a potential pathogen
Apoptosis
the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.
B Cells
immune cells that function primarily by producing antibodies.
Antibody
is any of the group of proteins that binds specifically to pathogen-associated molecules known as antigens.
Lymphocytes
oordinate the activities of adaptive immunity
Dendritic Cells
are antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens
Lymphatic System
The system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood.
Lymph Nodes
small, hollow structures that function to remove debris and pathogens from the lymph, and are thus sometimes referred to as the “filters of the lymph.”
Right Lymphatic Duct
one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the right subclavian vein.
Thoracic Duct
one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the left subclavian vein.
Cortex
Outer portion of the kidney
Calyx
Fibrous channel inside kidney for transporting urine
Medulla
Inner portion of the kidney
Nephron
Microscopic structure in kidney that produces urine
Peritnomeum
Membrane surrounding abdominal cavity
Retroperitineal
Behind the peritoneum
Glomerulus
Small porous capillaries in the nephron that filter the blood.
Glomerular Capsule
Fibrous capsule surrounding the glomerulus that catches the filtrate.
Proximal/Distal Convulated Tubules
Microscopic fibrous tubelike structures in the nephron where exchange of substances occurs.
