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HESI A2 Entrance Exam > Anatomy Stuff > Flashcards

Anatomy Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

is a structure of brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus with both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones.

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2
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

(hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of your brain, behind the bridge of your nose and directly below your hypothalamus, it is one of eight interrelated major endocrine glands

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3
Q

Growth Hormone

A

GH; also called somatotropin regulates the growth of the human body, protein synthesis, and cellular replication.

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4
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

TSH; Regulates the activity of the thyroid gland

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5
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

ACTH; also called corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol.

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6
Q

Gonadotropins

A

hormones that regulate the function of the gonads.

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7
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

FSH; glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men.

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8
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

LH; triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. LH stimulates production of testosterone by the male testes.

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9
Q

Prolactin

A

PRL; promotes lactation (milk production) in women.

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10
Q

Oxytocin

A

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.

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11
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

ADH; chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced. A high ADH level causes the body to produce less urine.

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12
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Four small glands of the endocrine system which regulate the calcium in our bodies. Parathyroid glands are located in the neck behind the thyroid where they continuously monitor and regulate blood calcium levels.

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13
Q

Thymus Gland

A

a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system.

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14
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Is located in the center of the brain. The main function is to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.

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15
Q

Calcitonin

A

hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that helps to regulate blood calcium.

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16
Q

Glucagon

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps to regulate blood glucose.

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17
Q

Insulin

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps to regulate blood glucose.

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18
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that helps to regulate blood calcium.

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19
Q

Pineal Gland

A

small gland located inside of the brain that secretes melatonin.

20
Q

Natural Killer Cell

A

NK; is a circulating blood cell that contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules in its extensive cytoplasm.

21
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.

22
Q

Histamine

A

a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

23
Q

Phagocytes

A

The phagocytes are the body’s fast acting, first line of immunological defense against organisms that have breached barrier defenses and have entered the vulnerable tissues of the body.

24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

coordinate the activities of adaptive immunity

25
Q

Macrophage

A

irregularly shaped phagocyte and is the most versatile of the phagocytes in the body.

26
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that help heals damaged tissues and resolves infections.

27
Q

Self-Regulation

A

ability to distinguish between self-antigens, those that are normally present in the body, and foreign antigens, those that might be on a potential pathogen

28
Q

Apoptosis

A

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

29
Q

B Cells

A

immune cells that function primarily by producing antibodies.

30
Q

Antibody

A

is any of the group of proteins that binds specifically to pathogen-associated molecules known as antigens.

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

oordinate the activities of adaptive immunity

32
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

are antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens

33
Q

Lymphatic System

A

The system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood.

34
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

small, hollow structures that function to remove debris and pathogens from the lymph, and are thus sometimes referred to as the “filters of the lymph.”

35
Q

Right Lymphatic Duct

A

one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the right subclavian vein.

36
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the left subclavian vein.

37
Q

Cortex

A

Outer portion of the kidney

38
Q

Calyx

A

Fibrous channel inside kidney for transporting urine

39
Q

Medulla

A

Inner portion of the kidney

40
Q

Nephron

A

Microscopic structure in kidney that produces urine

41
Q

Peritnomeum

A

Membrane surrounding abdominal cavity

42
Q

Retroperitineal

A

Behind the peritoneum

43
Q

Glomerulus

A

Small porous capillaries in the nephron that filter the blood.

44
Q

Glomerular Capsule

A

Fibrous capsule surrounding the glomerulus that catches the filtrate.

45
Q

Proximal/Distal Convulated Tubules

A

Microscopic fibrous tubelike structures in the nephron where exchange of substances occurs.

46
Q
A

HESI A2 Entrance Exam (3 decks)

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