anatomy recorded lecture Flashcards
what are the functions of the respiratory system?
- pulmonary ventilation (ie getting air into lungs)
-respiration - gas exchange
-defence - ie macrophages
what does the nasal cavity function to do?
functions to humidify, warm, filter inspired air & protects respiratory tract
what is the larynx?
-the voice box
- allows air to pass through on its way to lungs
- also prevents passage of food etc into the rest system
describe the structure & function of the trachea
-serves as a passage for air & moistens & warms it while it passes into lungs
-trachea is lined with moist mucous membrane layer with cells called cilia
-the trachea also contains c shaped cartilage to keep trachea open
what is the upper respiratory tract?
the nose to the trachea
what is the lower respiratory tract?
trachea to the lungs - includes roots, intercostal muscle & diaphragm
compare structure of left lung vs right lung
right lung - divided into 3 lobes - superior, middle & inferior, also contains a horizontal and oblique fissure
left lung - divided into 2 lobes - superior and inferior which are separated by the oblique fissure
describe the bronchial tree
-left and right bronchus
-lobar bronchi
-segmental bronchi
-bronchi and bronchioles of decreasing size
-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles
describe alveoli
-small sacs that are the sites of O2 CO2 exchange
what is surface tension?
the walls of the alveoli are lined with a thin film of water which creates a force at their surface called surface tension
-surface tension tends to collapse the pulmonary alveoli
what do cells in the alveoli produce to counteract surface tension?
surfactant - type 2 alveolar cells
what are the 3 collateral channels of ventilation?
-pores of Kohn - small openings in walls of alveoli
-canals of Lambert - small passages connect the bronchioles to the adjacent alveoli
-channels of Martin- pathways that connect one bronchiole to another
what is the purpose of the 3 collateral channels of ventilation?
play an important role in maintaining ventilation in areas of the lung where the primary airways may be compromised due to disease or obstruction
what is the pleural membrane ?
double layered membrane that surrounds each lung and lines the chest cavity
what are the 2 layers of the pleural membrane?
- visceral pleura - the inner layer that covers surface of the lungs
- parietal pleura - outer layer that lines surface of chest wall, diaphragm and mediastinum
what is the pleural cavity?
the space between the visceral and parietal membrane that contains pleural fluid which reduces friction between the 2 layers during breathing mvts
what is the visceral pleura innervated by?
the ANS - not sensitive to pain
what is the parietal pleura innervated by?
the phrenic nerve - highly sensitive to pain
what is pneumothorax?
a condition that involves air in the plural space
what are the primary muscles of the respiratory system?
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
what are the accessory resp muscles?
scalenes, SCM muscle, pec major and pec minor
-can be used in signs of respiratory distress
describe the muscle work during inhalation
-the diaphragm contracts and flattens pushing down on abdominal contents
-the intercostal muscles contract lifting the rib cage up and out
what term is used to describe the movement of the sternum during inhalation described as?
pump handle
what term is used to describe the movement of the rib cage during inhalation and exhalation?
a bucket handle
what age are the pores of Kohn developed at?
1-2 years
the horizontal fissure is found where?
in the right lung, between the superior and middle lobes
where does the trachea divide / bifurcate?
at the carina - located at level T5 or at the sternal angle
