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Y1-3 CLASP > Anatomy Radiology > Flashcards

Anatomy Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

what shows up as black on an x-ray?

A

air

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2
Q

what shows up as grey on an x-ray?

A

fat
soft tissue
muscle

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3
Q

what shows up as white on an x-ray?

A

bone

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4
Q

what shows up as bright white on an x-ray?

A

metal

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5
Q

what four things need to be assessed when seeing if a chest x-ray is technically adequate?

A

projection
inspiration
rotation
penetration

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6
Q

what is the cardiothoracic ratio?

A

a ratio of max cardiac diameter to max thoracic diameter

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7
Q

what is a normal value for the cardio thoracic ratio?

A

less than 0.5

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8
Q

what type of x-ray can the cardio thoracic ratio be measured on?

A

PA only

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9
Q

what should be visible if a CXR is adequately inspired?

A

the anterior ends of at least six ribs

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10
Q

what should be seen if a CXR is correctly centred?

A

medial ends of the clavicles should be equidistant from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae

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11
Q

which hila normally lies higher, left or right?

A

left

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12
Q

on a normal CXR, which diaphragm is normally higher?

A

right

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13
Q

what causes lobar collapse?

A

obstruction of a lobar bronchus

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14
Q

what happens to the density of a lung lobe when it collapses?

A

increases

drags the adjacent fissure out of position

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15
Q

what is seen on CXR in a left lower lobe collapse?

A

hemithorax looks small
increased density
loss of clarity of the medial aspect of the hemi diaphragm

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16
Q

what is seen on CXR in a left upper lobe collapse?

A

elevation of left hemi diaphragm

loss of clarity of the heart shadow

diffuse opacification

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17
Q

what is seen on CXR in a right upper lobe collapse?

A

volume loss

loss of clarity of the upper right mediastinum

density in right upper zone

elevation of the horizontal fissure

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18
Q

what is seen on CXR in a right middle lobe collapse?

A

loss of clarity of the right heart border

density in the right lower zone

right hemidiaphragm is preserved

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19
Q

what is seen on CXR in a right lower lobe collapse?

A

volume loss

loss of clarity of the hemidiaphragm

density in the right lower zone

depression of the horizontal fissure

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20
Q

what is seen on CXR in infection of the lingual?

A

left heart border becomes obscured

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21
Q

what is often seen on CXR when there is pleural fluid present?

A

blunting of the costophrenic angles

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22
Q

where are small pneumothoraces often found?

A

at the lung apex

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23
Q

how does a small pneumothorax appear on CXR?

A

dark crescent without lung markings

subtle

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24
Q

what interstitial opacities can be seen on CXR due to heart failure?

A

peribronchovascular cuffing

septal lines

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25
Q

what is another name for septal lines?

A

Kerley B lines

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26
Q

what five things are seen on CXR in heart failure? (ABCDE)

A 
alveolar oedema (bat wing opacities)
Kerley B lines 
cardiomegaly 
dilated upper lobe vessels 
pleural effusion
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27
Q

what is the normal position for the tip of an endotracheal tube?

A

5cm above the carina

28
Q

what is the normal width for an endotracheal tube?

A

2/3 of the tracheal diameter

29
Q

what is the most commonly seen malposition of an endotracheal tube?

A

tip in the right main bronchus or the oesophagus

30
Q

what is the ideal position for an NG tube?

A

in the subdiaphragmatic position in the stomach

at least 10cm beyond the gastro-oesophageal junction

31
Q

where should an NG tube be on CXR?

A

overlying the gastric bubble

32
Q

what vessels can central lines be inserted via?

A

internal jugular

subclavian veins

33
Q

what is another name for a central line?

A

central venous catheter (CVC)

34
Q

where are PICC lines inserted?

A

via cephalic, basilic or brachial veins

35
Q

what does PICC stand for?

A

peripherally inserted central catheter

36
Q

where should the tip of a CVC be?

A

the cavoatrial junction

37
Q

what is contrast enhanced CT used for in lung cancer?

A

assessing size

showing metastases

guiding biopsy of peripheral lesions

38
Q

what is FDG-PET CT used for in lung cancer?

A

nodal metastases

distant metastases

delineating a tumour in an area of collapse

39
Q

what is pneumoperitoneum?

A

when perforation of an organ results in gas in the peritoneal cavity

40
Q

what imaging is done for an ischaemic stroke?

A

non contrast CT scan

41
Q

what is the earliest sign of an ischaemic stroke on CT?

A

hyper dense segment of a vessel

shows the thrombus and is visible immediately

42
Q

what is seen on CT a while after an ischaemic stroke and why?

A

a region of low density with volume loss

due to gliosis

43
Q

what colour is acute blood on an unenhanced CT?

A

white

44
Q

describe the appearance of an extradural haemorrhage on CT

A

biconvex shape

limited by suture lines

45
Q

describe the appearance of a subdural haemorrhage on CT

A

semilunar shape

crosses the suture lines

46
Q

what two types of x-ray are used to view the abdomen?

A

supine AXR

erect CXR

47
Q

what can a supine AXR be used to assess?

A

bowel obstruction

48
Q

what can an erect CXR be used for in abdominal disease?

A

hollow viscus perforation

49
Q

what are three possible risks of contrast CT scans?

A

radiation exposure
contrast induced nephropathy
contrast allergy

50
Q

for what organs is MRI the second line imaging option?

A

hepato-biliary
small bowel
pelvis

51
Q

what imaging tools are used to investigate acute appendicitis?

A
  1. USS

2. CT if inconclusive

52
Q

what are the US findings in acute appendicitis?

A

dilated appendix
round when compression applied
fluid
wall thickening

53
Q

what are the CT findings in acute appendicitis?

A 
>6mm diameter appendix
wall thickening and enhancement 
thickening of the caecal apex
inflammation 
perforate
54
Q

what is the gold standard for imaging ureteric stones?

A

non contrast CT KUB

55
Q

what is the investigation of choice for acute diverticulitis?

A

CT with IV contrast

56
Q

what is the first line imaging in acute cholecystitis?

A

USS

57
Q

what is CT good for in acute cholecystitis?

A

looking for complications

58
Q

what imaging should be done if there is biliary tree dilatation in acute cholecystitis?

A

MRI

59
Q

what are the USS findings in acute choleyctitis?

A

wall thickening

pericholecystic fluid

60
Q

what are the CT findings in acute cholecystitis?

A

distension
wall thickening
hyperenhancement
fluid

61
Q

what investigations are done for pancreatitis?

A

USS

CT

62
Q

what investigations can be done for a perforation?

A

erect CXR

CT

63
Q

what is the initial investigation in a small bowel obstruction?

A

AXR

64
Q

what is the initial investigation for a large bowel obstruction?

A

AXR

65
Q

what imaging can be done to look for bowel ischaemia?

A

CT

66
Q

what is the investigation of choice for a leaking AAA?

A

CT

Y1-3 CLASP (4 decks)

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