Anatomy Radiology

Question 1

what shows up as black on an x-ray?

Answer 1

air

Question 2

what shows up as grey on an x-ray?

Answer 2

fat
soft tissue
muscle

Question 3

what shows up as white on an x-ray?

Answer 3

bone

Question 4

what shows up as bright white on an x-ray?

Answer 4

metal

Question 5

what four things need to be assessed when seeing if a chest x-ray is technically adequate?

Answer 5

projection
inspiration
rotation
penetration

Question 6

what is the cardiothoracic ratio?

Answer 6

a ratio of max cardiac diameter to max thoracic diameter

Question 7

what is a normal value for the cardio thoracic ratio?

Answer 7

less than 0.5

Question 8

what type of x-ray can the cardio thoracic ratio be measured on?

Answer 8

PA only

Question 9

what should be visible if a CXR is adequately inspired?

Answer 9

the anterior ends of at least six ribs

Question 10

what should be seen if a CXR is correctly centred?

Answer 10

medial ends of the clavicles should be equidistant from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae

Question 11

which hila normally lies higher, left or right?

Answer 11

left

Question 12

on a normal CXR, which diaphragm is normally higher?

Answer 12

right

Question 13

what causes lobar collapse?

Answer 13

obstruction of a lobar bronchus

Question 14

what happens to the density of a lung lobe when it collapses?

Answer 14

increases

drags the adjacent fissure out of position

Question 15

what is seen on CXR in a left lower lobe collapse?

Answer 15

hemithorax looks small
increased density
loss of clarity of the medial aspect of the hemi diaphragm

Question 16

what is seen on CXR in a left upper lobe collapse?

Answer 16

elevation of left hemi diaphragm

loss of clarity of the heart shadow

diffuse opacification

Question 17

what is seen on CXR in a right upper lobe collapse?

Answer 17

volume loss

loss of clarity of the upper right mediastinum

density in right upper zone

elevation of the horizontal fissure

Question 18

what is seen on CXR in a right middle lobe collapse?

Answer 18

loss of clarity of the right heart border

density in the right lower zone

right hemidiaphragm is preserved

Question 19

what is seen on CXR in a right lower lobe collapse?

Answer 19

volume loss

loss of clarity of the hemidiaphragm

density in the right lower zone

depression of the horizontal fissure

Question 20

what is seen on CXR in infection of the lingual?

Answer 20

left heart border becomes obscured

Question 21

what is often seen on CXR when there is pleural fluid present?

Answer 21

blunting of the costophrenic angles

Question 22

where are small pneumothoraces often found?

Answer 22

at the lung apex

Question 23

how does a small pneumothorax appear on CXR?

Answer 23

dark crescent without lung markings

subtle

Question 24

what interstitial opacities can be seen on CXR due to heart failure?

Answer 24

peribronchovascular cuffing

septal lines

Question 25

what is another name for septal lines?

Answer 25

Kerley B lines

Question 26

what five things are seen on CXR in heart failure? (ABCDE)

Answer 26

``` alveolar oedema (bat wing opacities) Kerley B lines cardiomegaly dilated upper lobe vessels pleural effusion ```

Question 27

what is the normal position for the tip of an endotracheal tube?

Answer 27

5cm above the carina

Question 28

what is the normal width for an endotracheal tube?

Answer 28

2/3 of the tracheal diameter

Question 29

what is the most commonly seen malposition of an endotracheal tube?

Answer 29

tip in the right main bronchus or the oesophagus

Question 30

what is the ideal position for an NG tube?

Answer 30

in the subdiaphragmatic position in the stomach at least 10cm beyond the gastro-oesophageal junction

Question 31

where should an NG tube be on CXR?

Answer 31

overlying the gastric bubble

Question 32

what vessels can central lines be inserted via?

Answer 32

internal jugular | subclavian veins

Question 33

what is another name for a central line?

Answer 33

central venous catheter (CVC)

Question 34

where are PICC lines inserted?

Answer 34

via cephalic, basilic or brachial veins

Question 35

what does PICC stand for?

Answer 35

peripherally inserted central catheter

Question 36

where should the tip of a CVC be?

Answer 36

the cavoatrial junction

Question 37

what is contrast enhanced CT used for in lung cancer?

Answer 37

assessing size showing metastases guiding biopsy of peripheral lesions

Question 38

what is FDG-PET CT used for in lung cancer?

Answer 38

nodal metastases distant metastases delineating a tumour in an area of collapse

Question 39

what is pneumoperitoneum?

Answer 39

when perforation of an organ results in gas in the peritoneal cavity

Question 40

what imaging is done for an ischaemic stroke?

Answer 40

non contrast CT scan

Question 41

what is the earliest sign of an ischaemic stroke on CT?

Answer 41

hyper dense segment of a vessel shows the thrombus and is visible immediately

Question 42

what is seen on CT a while after an ischaemic stroke and why?

Answer 42

a region of low density with volume loss due to gliosis

Question 43

what colour is acute blood on an unenhanced CT?

Answer 43

white

Question 44

describe the appearance of an extradural haemorrhage on CT

Answer 44

biconvex shape | limited by suture lines

Question 45

describe the appearance of a subdural haemorrhage on CT

Answer 45

semilunar shape | crosses the suture lines

Question 46

what two types of x-ray are used to view the abdomen?

Answer 46

supine AXR | erect CXR

Question 47

what can a supine AXR be used to assess?

Answer 47

bowel obstruction

Question 48

what can an erect CXR be used for in abdominal disease?

Answer 48

hollow viscus perforation

Question 49

what are three possible risks of contrast CT scans?

Answer 49

radiation exposure contrast induced nephropathy contrast allergy

Question 50

for what organs is MRI the second line imaging option?

Answer 50

hepato-biliary small bowel pelvis

Question 51

what imaging tools are used to investigate acute appendicitis?

Answer 51

1. USS | 2. CT if inconclusive

Question 52

what are the US findings in acute appendicitis?

Answer 52

dilated appendix round when compression applied fluid wall thickening

Question 53

what are the CT findings in acute appendicitis?

Answer 53

``` >6mm diameter appendix wall thickening and enhancement thickening of the caecal apex inflammation perforate ```

Question 54

what is the gold standard for imaging ureteric stones?

Answer 54

non contrast CT KUB

Question 55

what is the investigation of choice for acute diverticulitis?

Answer 55

CT with IV contrast

Question 56

what is the first line imaging in acute cholecystitis?

Answer 56

USS

Question 57

what is CT good for in acute cholecystitis?

Answer 57

looking for complications

Question 58

what imaging should be done if there is biliary tree dilatation in acute cholecystitis?

Answer 58

MRI

Question 59

what are the USS findings in acute choleyctitis?

Answer 59

wall thickening | pericholecystic fluid

Question 60

what are the CT findings in acute cholecystitis?

Answer 60

distension wall thickening hyperenhancement fluid

Question 61

what investigations are done for pancreatitis?

Answer 61

USS | CT

Question 62

what investigations can be done for a perforation?

Answer 62

erect CXR | CT

Question 63

what is the initial investigation in a small bowel obstruction?

Answer 63

AXR

Question 64

what is the initial investigation for a large bowel obstruction?

Answer 64

AXR

Question 65

what imaging can be done to look for bowel ischaemia?

Answer 65

CT

Question 66

what is the investigation of choice for a leaking AAA?

Answer 66

CT