Anatomy Pt 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How many pulmonary veins empty oxygenated blood into the left atrium?
A
- 4
2
Q
What structure is responsible for delivering the signal to the muscle of the ventricles?
A
- Purkinje fibers
3
Q
What vessel drains the coronary blood from the right ventricle?
A
- Small cardiac vein
4
Q
What causes the coronary sinus to dilate?
A
- Increased right atrial pressure
5
Q
What are the atria doing during diastole?
A
- Emptying into the ventricles
5
Q
What portion of the aorta is located below the diaphragm?
A
- Descending abdominal aorta
6
Q
Which valve is the most inferior in the heart?
A
- Tricuspid valve
7
Q
What is true regarding the correlation of electrical stimulus and mechanical function?
A
- There is a slight delay between electrical stimulus and mechanical systole in all patients
8
Q
What portion of the aorta is located between the innominate artery and the left subclavian artery?
A
- Arch
9
Q
What cardiac chamber is closest to the spine?
A
- Left atrium
10
Q
The pulmonary artery flow normally demonstrates a _____ due to _____ flow when compared to the aortic flow.
A
- Longer acceleration time, lower resistance
11
Q
What term refers to a thin central portion of the interatrial septum in an adult patient?
A
- Fossa ovalis
12
Q
In most patients, the posterior descending coronary artery originates from the?
A
- Right coronary artery
13
Q
Where is the oblique sinus?
A
- Posterior to the left atrium
14
Q
How many papillary muscles are normally in the left ventricle?
A
- 2 papillary muscles
15
Q
The IVRT begins after the ____ on the EKG and the IVCT begins after the ______ on the EKG.
A
- T wave, R wave
16
Q
What is the IVRT?
A
- Time from closure of the aortic valve to opening of the mitral valve
17
Q
What is the IVCT?
A
- Time from closure of the mitral valve to the opening of aortic valve
18
Q
As a patient ages, what normally happens to the pulmonary venous flow?
A
- The systolic component increases while the diastolic component decreases
- (S/D ratio increases)
19
Q
What is the parietal layer of the pericardium composed of?
A
- Thick fibrous material
20
Q
The coronary sinus is located on the ______ side of the heart and empties into the ________.
A
- Posterior, right atrium
21
Q
What three things have an influence on stroke volume and cardiac output?
A
- Preload
- Afterload
- Myocardial contractility
22
Q
Central venous pressure refers to pressure in what?
A
- Vena cava (near the junction of the atrium)
23
Q
What causes deformation of the PV leading to a display of an “a” wave on the m-mode tracing?
A
- The right atrial contraction
24
The pericardial space around the heart is found between what two layers of the cardiac wall?
- Epicardium, parietal pericardium
25
When does the aortic valve normally open on an EKG?
- Approximately 30-35 ms after the completion of the QRS wave
26
How do you differentiate between an epicardial fat pad and a pericardial effusion?
- An epicardial fat pad is usually seen as an isolated anterior echo free space and a small pericardial effusion will be demonstrated as an anechoic space posterior to the heart
27
When does mechanical systole occur in the left ventricle on an EKG?
- Just after the QRS complex
28
Compared to the other valves, the pulmonic valve is the most ______ and _______ valve in the heart.
- Superior, anterior
29
Why does the foramen ovale close in most babies after birth?
- Due to the pressure in the left atria holding the flap of tissue closed over the opening
30
The basal area of the left ventricle refers to the left ventricle at the level of what?
- Mitral valve
31
What is a muscular band that stretches from the ventricular septum to the right ventricular free wall near the apex?
- Moderator band
32
What is the infundibulum a part of?
- Proximal RVOT
33
What portion of the aorta is located from the isthmus to the diaphragm?
- Descending thoracic aorta
34
Expiration causes a ________ in flow toward the heart in the upper extremities.
- Decrease
35
What is normal flow in the coronary arteries?
- Early in ventricular diastole flow moves into the coronary arteries
36
The interventricular septum is normally seen with mild bowing toward what?
-Right ventricle
37
Inspiration causes a ____ in flow toward the heart in the lower extremities.
- Decrease
38
When does the isovolumic contraction period occur on EKG?
- After the R wave
39
What is a common shape of the left ventricle?
- Ellipsoidal
40
What are the three aortic cusps?
- Right
- Non
- Left
41
Expiration causes a(n) _______ in flow toward the heart in the lower extremities.
- Increase
42
Define isovolumic contraction period
- Begins when the mitral valve closes and ends when the aortic valve opens
43
Define isovolumic relaxation period
- Begins when the aortic valve closes and when the mitral valve opens
44
Which aortic valve leaflet is closest to the interatrial septum?
- Non coronary cusp
45
What is a sonographic marker used to differentiate the right ventricle and the left ventricle?
- Moderator band (in the right ventricle)
46
Pericardial fluid is normally ______ that is secreted by _______
- Serous fluid, the visceral pericardium
47
What vessel drains the coronary blood from the apex and septum of the left ventricle?
- Great cardiac vein
48
In which ventricle is it common to have trabeculations?
- Right ventricle
49
Tall thin patients tend to have a more ______ axis to their heart compared to shorter, obese patients who have a more ______ axis to their heart.
- Vertical, horizontal
50
What is the normal R-R interval?
- 0.6 to 1.0 sec (time between QRS complexes)
51
Which cardiac chamber is the most anterior?
- Right ventricle
52
A thin layer of what muscle provides support for the atrial walls?
- Pectinate
53
Which valves are called semilunar valves?
- Pulmonary valve
- Aortic valve
54
The incisura portion of the aortic pressure wave occurs when?
- Immediately after the aortic valve closes (slight increase in pressure related to a short period of retrograde flow into the aorta when the valve closes)
55
What is the purpose of the eustachian valve in fetal circulation?
- To guide flow through the foramen ovale
56
Atrial depolarization is represented by what part of the EKG tracing?
- P wave
57
Where is the Chiari network identified in the heart?
- Right atrium
58
What is the widest portion of the heart referred to as?
- Base
59
The aortic valve is ______ resistant to regurgitation than the mitral valve due to structural differences.
- More
60
What is a normal response seen with stress echocardiography?
- Hyperdynamic wall motion and increase of EF%
61
The majority of right atrial filling occurs during what phase of respiration?
- Inspiration
62
How many veins empty deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?
- 3 (SVC, IVC, coronary sinus)
63
Inspiration causes a(n) ______ in flow toward the heart in the upper extremities.
- Increase
64
What is the flap of tissue identified at the junction of the IVC and right atrium?
- Eustachian valve
65
What normally happens to tricuspid valve flow with inspiration?
- Increases slightly
66
How many leaflets do the mitral valve and tricuspid valve have?
- MV has 2 leaflets
- TV has 3 leaflets
67
What right ventricular wall segment is seen on the apical 4 chamber view?
- Lateral
68
What is the segment of the right ventricular outflow tract just proximal to the pulmonary valve?
- Infundibulum
69
What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
- SA node
70
What cardiac structures do the endocardial cushions form?
- Primum atrial septum
- Atrioventricular valves
71
When does atrial contraction normally occur?
- Late diastole
72
What is the ductus arteriosus called after it closes and atrophies?
- Ligamentum arteriosum
73
What wave on the EKG normally occurs just prior to the atrial kick?
- P wave
74
What is the internal ridge of tissue in the right atrium that extends vertically between the SVC and IVC?
- Crista terminalis
75
The echocardiogram demonstrates akinesis of the left ventricular apex. Which coronary artery is most likely affected by CAD?
- Left anterior descending artery
76
What normally carries the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles?
- Bundles of His
77
If the left ventricular end systolic volume is 40 mL and the end diastolic volume is 120 mL. What is the stroke volume and EF%?
- 80 mL, 67%
Stroke volume = EDV - ESV
EF% = EDV/ - ESV / EDV
78
Which chamber normally has the thickest wall structure of all cardiac chambers?
- Left ventricle
79
Normal fractional shortening of the left ventricle is ______. Normal ejection fraction of the left ventricle is ______.
- > 25%, > 55%
80
What effect does differences in cardiac output have across a stenotic aortic valve?
- Will cause variation sin the velocity and the pressure gradient
81
What is the duration of a normal QRS complex?
- < 0.12 sec
82
Which ventricle has a false tendon?
- Left ventricle
83
What portion of the aorta is located from the valve annulus to the first branch?
- Ascending
84
What structure(s) empty into the left atrium?
- Pulmonary veins
85
Malignant HTN is defined as a systolic pressure ______ mmHg and a diastolic pressure _____ mmHg.
- > 180 mmHg, > 120 mmHg
86
What wave represents atrial systole on the Doppler tracing of the pulmonary vein?
- A wave
87
What chamber(s) fills with blood during the Q-T interval in the EKG?
- Right and left atrium
88
What are the names of the three major hepatic veins?
- Right, left, mid
89
Which ventricle has a pyramid shape?
- Right ventricle
90
Which right ventricular wall segment is seen on the subcostal 4 chamber view?
- Inferior
91
What is called when the apex of the heart is pointed toward the right side of the chest?
- Dextrocardia
92
The tricuspid valve opens ______ the mitral valve opens and closes ______ the mitral valve closes.
- Before, after
(20-30 msec before and after)
93
What part of the EKG correlates with ventricular systole?
- From the start of the QRS wave to the end of the T wave
