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AE > Anatomy Pt 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How can you differentiate a waveform obtained from the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve in a normal heart?

A
  • Aortic flow can be seen on MV waveform tracing, but pulmonary flow is not seen on TV tracing
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2
Q

During embryologic development of the heart, 6 pairs of aortic arches form and atrophy or evolve into different structures. Which one forms the aortic arch?

A
  • 4th left
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3
Q

What is the difference between the eustachian valve and the Chiari network?

A
  • Chiari network is much thinner, delicate, and mobile than the eustachian valve
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4
Q

On an EKG, when does ventricular diastole take place?

A
  • From the end of the T wave to the onset of the QRS wave
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5
Q

What does the pericardial fluid normally drain into?

A
  • Lymphatic system
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6
Q

What Doppler parameter is an assessment of left atrial function?

A
  • A wave velocity on mitral valve Doppler
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7
Q

The left ventricular apex is fed by what artery?

A
  • Left anterior descending artery
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8
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches form during embryologic development of the heart?

A
  • 6 pairs
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9
Q

What coronary vessel courses through the posterior interventricular groove?

A
  • Middle coronary vein
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10
Q

What happens to ventricular pressure during the isovolumic contraction period?

A
  • Ventricular pressure increases
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11
Q

What is the normal range for cardiac stroke volume?

A
  • 70 to 100 cc
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12
Q

The parasternal long axis view demonstrates what two walls of the left ventricle?

A
  • Anteroseptal and inferolateral (posterior)
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13
Q

What is the small flap of tissue that protects the opening of the coronary sinus called?

A
  • Thebesian valve
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14
Q

What cardiac structure are the endocardial cushions involved in forming?

A
  • Tricuspid valve
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15
Q

The left ventricle outflow to the aorta supplies blood the coronary arteries in ______?

A
  • Diastole
    (In systole the aortic leaflets are covering the openings into the coronaries
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16
Q

What happens volume in the isovolumic relaxation period?

A
  • All four chambers maintain a constant volume
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17
Q

What happens to pressure in isovolumic relaxation?

What happens to pressure in isovolumic contraction?

A
  • Decreases
  • Increases
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18
Q

What is the segment distal to the origin of the left subclavian to the ligamentum arteriosus?

A
  • Aortic isthmus
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19
Q

What is the area between the interventricular septum to the anterior annuus and the anterior mitral leaflet to the posterior aortic annulus?

A
  • Functional LVOT
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20
Q

What extends from the inner edge of the interventricular septum to the leading edge of the anterior MV leaflet?

A
  • Anatomic LVOT
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21
Q

What is the average normal mitral valve area?

A
  • 5 cm2
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22
Q

The largest antegrade flow component seen on a Doppler tracing of the hepatic veins is identified during what part of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Early systole
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23
Q

Ventricular filling occurs in two phases. _____ of the blood moves into the ventricles during the rapid filling phase and _____ of the blood enters the ventricles during atrial contraction.

A
  • 70%, 30%
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24
Q

What supplies the interatrial septum with blood?

A
  • Right coronary artery
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25
Q

What effect does dobutamine have on the left ventricle?

A
  • Increases oxygen demand and left ventricular contractility
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26
Q

List the branches in the correct order that originate from the aortic arch

A
  • Right innominate, left carotid, left subclavian
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27
Q

In the normal mitral valve leaflet, the _____ leaflet is longer than the _______ leaflet.

A
  • Anterior, posterior
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28
Q

What is normal diastolic function of the left ventricle in a 40 year old healthy patient?

Left atrial pressure < ___ mmHg
Left atrial volume index < ___ mL/mm2
S/D ratio > ____

A
  • LAP < 12
  • LAVI < 34
  • S/D ratio < 1.0
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29
Q

Which valve is normally positioned most anterior within the heart/chest?

A
  • Pulmonary valve
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30
Q

The posteromedial muscle is supplied by ___ coronary artery(s) and the anterolateral muscle is supplied by ____ coronary artery(s).

A
  • One, two
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31
Q

What can you calculate if you know both body surface area and the cardiac output?

A
  • Cardiac index
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32
Q

When the right ventricle pressure drops below the right atrial pressure, what happens?

A
  • Tricuspid valve opens
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33
Q

What two arteries are direct branches of the left main coronary artery?

A
  • Left anterior descending and left circumflex
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34
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A
  • Within the posterior atrioventricular groove
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35
Q

What does right dominant coronary circulation indicate?

A
  • The posterior descending artery originates from the right coronary artery
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36
Q

If the stroke volume remains constant and the heart rate doubles, what happens to the cardiac output?

A
  • Doubles
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37
Q

How many segments is the left ventricle divided into when assessing wall motion at the basal level?

A
  • 6
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38
Q

What structure attaches the mitral valve leaflets to the papillary muscles?

A
  • Chordae tendinea
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39
Q

What is normal left ventricle systolic pressure?

A
  • Around 120 mmHg
40
Q

What maneuver decreases venous return?

A
  • Valsalva strain
41
Q

While scanning the aortic arch in the suprasternal notch view, you identify a vertical structure to the right of the arch that demonstrates flow moving away from the transducer in systole. What is this?

A
  • Superior vena cava
42
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle is the left atrium at its greatest dimension?

A
  • End systole
43
Q

There are _____ aortic cusps and _____ sinuses of Valsalva in the aortic root.

A
  • 3, 3
44
Q

Which great vessel connects to the right atrium and drains blood from the uppers extremities, neck, and head?

A
  • Superior vena cava
45
Q

In the PLAX view, the coronary sinus is located _____ to the ______

A
  • Anterior, descending aorta
46
Q

What can the coronary sinus be used to identify for?

A
  • Differentiate between pleural effusions and pericardial effusions
47
Q

The early heart tube normally loops _____ and to the ______.

A
  • Anterior, right
48
Q

What demonstrates the relationship between venous return and stroke volume?

A
  • Frank Starling Law (Starling’s Law)
49
Q

Which coronary artery usually supplies blood to the posteromedial papillary muscle?

A
  • Right coronary artery
50
Q

What describes the isovolumic contraction period? In terms of what happens to pressure and volume.

A
  • Volume is constant in all four chambers but the pressure in the ventricles increases
51
Q

Which fetal shunt usually closes first after birth?

A
  • Ductus arteriosus
52
Q

What is the normal response to exercise testing performed to assess diastolic function of the left ventricle?

A
  • Both the E and E’ velocities should increase with no change in E/E’ ratio
53
Q

By what gestational age is the primitive heart tube formed?

A
  • Day 23
54
Q

When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the left ventricle, which valve opens?

A
  • Mitral valve
55
Q

What kind of flow is described by blood moving in layers with the highest velocity in the center of the vessel?

A
  • Parabolic laminar flow
56
Q

What fetal structure allows blood flow shunting between the pulmonary artery and aorta?

A
  • Ductus arteriosus
57
Q

What is considered an abnormal change in the left ventricular inflow seen in patients over 60 years of age?

A
  • E/A ratio over 2.0
58
Q

According to the ASE guidelines, the top normal left ventricular wall thickness in a male is ______ and the top normal wall thickness in a female is ____.

A
  • Male 1.0 cm
  • Female 0.9 cm
59
Q

Correctly describe the movement of blood from left atrium into the left ventricle in the rapid filling phase.

A
  • Atrial pressure increases, mitral valve opens and blood is pulled into the left ventricle due to the rapidly relaxing ventricle
60
Q

Which component of blood holds the hemoglobin?

A
  • Red blood cells
61
Q

Define systole.

A
  • From mitral valve closure to aortic valve closure
62
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle is the right ventricle at its smallest dimension?

A
  • End systole
63
Q

When is the left ventricular pressure the lowest?

A
  • Onset of diastole
64
Q

What two left ventricular walls are seen on an apical 4 chamber view?

A
  • Inferoseptal and anterolateral
65
Q

Which ventricle has direct attachments to chordae tendineae?

A
  • Right ventricle
66
Q

When congenital heart disease is suspected in an adult, how do you differentiate the aorta from the pulmonary artery?

A
  • The PA bifurcates and the aorta gives rise to three branches
67
Q

What is the normal left ventricular response to exercise?

A
  • Reduced end systolic volume/dimension
  • Increased LV EF%
  • Increased LV wall thickness
68
Q

How many papillary muscles are in the right and left ventricle?

A
  • RV has 3 papillary muscles, LV has 2
69
Q

What does the S1 heart sound correspond with?

A
  • Atrioventricular valve closure (MV/TV)
70
Q

What are small fibrous nodular areas that are normally identified on the central part of the aortic cusps?

A
  • Nodules of Arantius
71
Q

Which tricuspid valve leaflets are evaluated in PLAX of the right ventricle?

A
  • Anterior and posterior
72
Q

What is the anatomy of the tricuspid valve?

A
  • It is composed of an anterior, posterior, and medial leaflet
73
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

CSA x VTI = Stroke Volume

74
Q

In most patients, the left anterior descending artery is a branch of the _____ and the posterior descending artery is a branch of _____.

A
  • Left coronary artery, right coronary artery
75
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle is the left ventricle at its greatest dimension?

A
  • End diastole
76
Q

What cardiac wall segments are fed by the left anterior descending coronary artery?

A
  • Anteroseptal
  • Left ventricular apex
  • Anterior
77
Q

What does the right ventricular systolic pressure measurement estimate?

A
  • Pulmonary artery pressure which is used to assess pulmonary hypertension
78
Q

How does Doppler evaluation demonstrate that the pulmonary vascular resistance is normally lower than resistance in the systemic vascular system?

A
  • The flow through the aortic valve reach es a peak velocity faster than the flow through the pulmonary valve
79
Q

When does the mitral valve normally close as related to an EKG tracing in a patient with normal sinus rhythm?

A
  • 60 ms after the start of the QRS wave
80
Q

What coronary vessel courses through the anterior interventricular groove?

A
  • Left anterior descending artery
81
Q

Where is the basal wall segment of the left ventricle?

A
  • Between the atrioventricular groove and the tip of the papillary muscle
82
Q

What can be used to decrease venous return to the heart and increase heart rate?

A
  • Valsalva maneuver
  • At onset, venous return decreases. Upon release, venous return increases.
83
Q

What heart sound marks the start of systole?

A
  • S1
84
Q

What two factors mainly control blood flow volume changes?

A
  • Cardiac function and peripheral resistance
85
Q

What heart sound marks the start of diastole?

A
  • S2
86
Q

What does the S2 heart sound correspond with?

A
  • Semilunar valve closure (AV/PV)
87
Q

What does preload refer to?

A
  • Amount of blood entering the heart
88
Q

What are heart failure, mitral stenosis, and mitral regurgitation associated with?

A
  • Increasing preload
89
Q

What does afterload refer to?

A
  • The amount of resistance as the heart ejects blood
90
Q

What are aortic stenosis, aortic coarctatoin, and systemic HTN associated with?

A
  • Increased afterload
91
Q

What is the average normal aortic valve area?

A
  • 3 to 4 cm2
92
Q

What is the visceral layer of the pericardium referred to?

A
  • Epicardium
93
Q

When doe the majority of pulmonary venous flow enter into the left atrium?

A
  • Early systole
94
Q

What effect will getting out of bed and standing up have on the venous return?

A
  • Decrease venous return
95
Q

What facilitates the contraction of the atrial appendage?

A
  • Pectinate muscle in the walls of the appendages

AE (3 decks)

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