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Integumentary > Anatomy & Physiology Review > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • protection
  • water balance
  • produce sebum
  • metabolism
  • melanin
  • acid mantle
  • thermoregulation
  • sensation
  • communication
  • cosmetic
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2
Q

What is the acid mantle and what pH is it?

A
  • Acid Mantle: mix of sebum & sweat that forms a protective layer
  • pH: 4-5.5 (slightly acidic)
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3
Q

What is the function of the acid mantle?

A
  • helps protect the skin from the elements
  • inhibits growth of harmful bacteria & fungi
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4
Q

What happens if the acid mantle becomes disrupted?

A

disruption of pH balance or the skin loses its acidity, the skin can become prone to damage & infection

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5
Q

How does the skin maintain thermoregulation?

A
  • blood vessels dilate to dissipate heat (flush) or constrict to shunt heat (blue lips)
  • sweating: cooling when fluid is evaporated from surface
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6
Q

In general what is the anatomy of skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis & subcutis)
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the epidermis?

A
  • 1st line of defense against microorganisms, mechanical trauma, chemicals, & sun exposure
  • rapidly regenerates
  • retains moisture
  • pigmentation
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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8
Q

What are the specialized cells of the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells
  • Langerhans cells
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9
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

synthesize the protein keratin

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10
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

pigment producing cells (Melanin)

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11
Q

What is the function of Merkel Cells?

A

touch/tactile receptors

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12
Q

What is function of langerhans cells?

A
  • recognize antigens & present them to leukocytes
  • macrophages used in defense against microorganisms
  • may be involved in skin graft rejection
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13
Q

What are keratins? What are they resistant to? What do they repel?

A
  • Keratins: tough, flexible, fibrous proteins
  • Resistant to changes in pH, temperature, and enzymatic digestion
  • Repel pathogens & prevent excess fluid loss
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of keratins?

A
  • hard (hair, nails)
  • soft (found in cells of the stratum corneum)
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15
Q

What is the average range of thickness of the epidermis and where is it thicker?

A
  • Range from 0.06 to 0.6 mm
  • Thicker in areas such as palms & soles, areas exposed to repetitive use (callous)
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16
Q

The epidermis is cellular, avascular so where does it get its blood supply from?

A

Relies on capillary support from the dermis

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17
Q

If a patient has a cut and there is no blood what layer can you infer was injured?

A

Epidermis because it is avascular

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18
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum*
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale (germinativum)
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19
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in the palms of hands. fingertips, and soles of feet?

A

Stratum lucidum

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20
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the outermost layer?

A

Stratum Corneum

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21
Q

What makes up the Stratum Corneum?

A
  • Dead skin cells filled with keratin, organized as a “brick & mortar” complex
  • corneocytes (bricks)
  • desmosomes (mortar)
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22
Q

Where are corneocytes and desmosomes found? what are they?

A
  • Found in Stratum Corneum
  • Corneocytes: flattened, dead cell bodies of keratinocytes
  • Desmosomes: mortar
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23
Q

What is the function of Stratum Corneum?

A
  • Provides a moisture barrier
  • Effectiveness varies depending on body location
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24
Q

How often is the Stratum Corneum shed? It is shed as a result of what?

A
  • Constantly replaced from the layer below (about every month)
  • Constantly shed as a result of mechanical & chemical treatment
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25
Q

How can Stratum Corneum be damaged?

A
  • Mechanical: tape stripping
  • Chemical: Fecal/urinary incontinence
  • Excessive or insufficient hydration
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26
Q

What is maceration & desiccation?

A
  • Maceration: Too much water
  • Desiccation: Too much drying
27
Q

How do cells of the Stratum Lucidum appear?

A

Cells appear clear

28
Q

What is the function of Stratum Lucidum?

A

Replaces shed Stratum Corneum

29
Q

What is Stratum Granulosum also know as? How thick is it?

A
  • Also known as granular layer
  • 1-5 cells thick
30
Q

What is Stratum Spinosum also known as and what cells are found there?

A
  • Prickle cell layer
  • Langerhans cells (bone marrow derived)
31
Q

What do cells of Stratum Granulosum contain? What are these cells called?

A
  • Cells contain granules of precursor of keratin
  • Keratohyalin granules
32
Q

What is Stratum Spinosum?

A

Spine like cytoplasmic extensions

33
Q

What is the Stratum Basale also called?

A

stratum germinativum

34
Q

What process occurs at the Stratum Basale layer?

A
  • Mitotically active (a lot of proliferation and cell division occurs)
  • Keratinocytes divide & begin differentiation
35
Q

What cells does Stratum Basale layer contain?

A
  • Stem cells
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells
36
Q

Where are large number of Merkel cells found?

A

on fingertips & lips

37
Q

What connects the epidermis and dermis?

A
  • Rete Ridge
  • Basement Membrane Zone (BMZ)
38
Q

What is Rete Ridge?

A

epidermal protrusions that point downward into the dermis

39
Q

What is the function Rete Ridges?

A
  • Partly responsible for skin integrity
  • Resistant to shear & friction
  • Minimal regeneration
  • Facilitates fluid & cell exchange between layers
40
Q

Does the Rete Ridge height increase or decrease with age?

A

Decreases with age

41
Q

Where is a blister likely to form?

A

Blister forms between the epidermis & dermis with loss of anchor

42
Q

What is the second layer of skin called?

A

Dermis

43
Q

What is the largest skin layer? How thick is it?

A
  • Dermis
  • About 2mm (>3mm on soles and palms)
44
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

Provide strength & structure to skin

45
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary & Reticular layer

46
Q
  • The papillary layer is (loose or dense) CT
  • The reticular layer is (loose or dense) CT
A
  • Papillary is loose CT
  • Reticular is dense CT
47
Q

Describe the collagen in the papillary layer

A

thin & loosely arranged

48
Q

What cells are found in the papillary layer?

A
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • mast cells
49
Q

Describe the collagen of the reticular layer

A

elastic

50
Q

Which layer of the dermis has increased tensile strength?

A

Reticular layer because it is dense CT

51
Q

What are the specialized cells of the dermis?

A
  • Mast cells
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
  • Fibroblasts
  • Langerhans cells
52
Q

What cells are found in both the epidermis and dermis?

A

Langerhans cells

53
Q

What does mast cells contain and what are they responsible for?

A
  • Contain histamine & heparin
  • Responsible for cellular defense mechanism
54
Q

What are macrophages and what is their function?

A
  • Scavenger cells that ingest dead tissue
  • repair injured tissues
55
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

help mediate the immune response in the skin

56
Q

When are fibroblast active and what do they secrete?

A
  • Active during inflammation
  • Secrete collagen & elastin
57
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A
  • First line of defense, epidermal immunity
  • Transports antigens to lymph nodes
58
Q

What are the 2 dermal proteins?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
59
Q

What is collagen secreted by?
What is the types of collagen found in the dermis?

A
  • Secreted by dermal fibroblasts
  • Primarily type I; some type 3 (NOT type 2)
60
Q

What is elastin secreted by? What purpose does it serve?

A
  • Secreted by fibroblasts
  • gives skin elasticity
61
Q

What is the innermost layer of skin?

A

Subcutaneous tissue or Hypodermis

62
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue made up of?

A
  • Loose CT
  • Adipose
  • Vessels (lymphatics & blood)
63
Q

What is the function of subcutaneous tissue?

A
  • provides insulation & cushioning
  • stores energy
  • adds to skin mobility
64
Q

What underlying tissue is it really important to maintain moisture?

A
  • Muscle
  • Tendon
  • Fascia

Integumentary (4 decks)

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