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Integumentary > Anatomy & Physiology Review > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • protection
  • water balance
  • produce sebum
  • metabolism
  • melanin
  • acid mantle
  • thermoregulation
  • sensation
  • communication
  • cosmetic
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2
Q

What is the acid mantle and what pH is it?

A
  • Acid Mantle: mix of sebum & sweat that forms a protective layer
  • pH: 4-5.5 (slightly acidic)
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3
Q

What is the function of the acid mantle?

A
  • helps protect the skin from the elements
  • inhibits growth of harmful bacteria & fungi
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4
Q

What happens if the acid mantle becomes disrupted?

A

disruption of pH balance or the skin loses its acidity, the skin can become prone to damage & infection

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5
Q

How does the skin maintain thermoregulation?

A
  • blood vessels dilate to dissipate heat (flush) or constrict to shunt heat (blue lips)
  • sweating: cooling when fluid is evaporated from surface
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6
Q

In general what is the anatomy of skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis & subcutis)
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the epidermis?

A
  • 1st line of defense against microorganisms, mechanical trauma, chemicals, & sun exposure
  • rapidly regenerates
  • retains moisture
  • pigmentation
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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8
Q

What are the specialized cells of the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells
  • Langerhans cells
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9
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

synthesize the protein keratin

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10
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

pigment producing cells (Melanin)

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11
Q

What is the function of Merkel Cells?

A

touch/tactile receptors

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12
Q

What is function of langerhans cells?

A
  • recognize antigens & present them to leukocytes
  • macrophages used in defense against microorganisms
  • may be involved in skin graft rejection
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13
Q

What are keratins? What are they resistant to? What do they repel?

A
  • Keratins: tough, flexible, fibrous proteins
  • Resistant to changes in pH, temperature, and enzymatic digestion
  • Repel pathogens & prevent excess fluid loss
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of keratins?

A
  • hard (hair, nails)
  • soft (found in cells of the stratum corneum)
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15
Q

What is the average range of thickness of the epidermis and where is it thicker?

A
  • Range from 0.06 to 0.6 mm
  • Thicker in areas such as palms & soles, areas exposed to repetitive use (callous)
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16
Q

The epidermis is cellular, avascular so where does it get its blood supply from?

A

Relies on capillary support from the dermis

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17
Q

If a patient has a cut and there is no blood what layer can you infer was injured?

A

Epidermis because it is avascular

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18
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum*
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale (germinativum)
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19
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in the palms of hands. fingertips, and soles of feet?

A

Stratum lucidum

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20
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the outermost layer?

A

Stratum Corneum

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21
Q

What makes up the Stratum Corneum?

A
  • Dead skin cells filled with keratin, organized as a “brick & mortar” complex
  • corneocytes (bricks)
  • desmosomes (mortar)
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22
Q

Where are corneocytes and desmosomes found? what are they?

A
  • Found in Stratum Corneum
  • Corneocytes: flattened, dead cell bodies of keratinocytes
  • Desmosomes: mortar
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23
Q

What is the function of Stratum Corneum?

A
  • Provides a moisture barrier
  • Effectiveness varies depending on body location
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24
Q

How often is the Stratum Corneum shed? It is shed as a result of what?

A
  • Constantly replaced from the layer below (about every month)
  • Constantly shed as a result of mechanical & chemical treatment
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25
How can Stratum Corneum be damaged?
- Mechanical: tape stripping - Chemical: Fecal/urinary incontinence - Excessive or insufficient hydration
26
What is maceration & desiccation?
- Maceration: Too much water - Desiccation: Too much drying
27
How do cells of the Stratum Lucidum appear?
Cells appear clear
28
What is the function of Stratum Lucidum?
Replaces shed Stratum Corneum
29
What is Stratum Granulosum also know as? How thick is it?
- Also known as granular layer - 1-5 cells thick
30
What is Stratum Spinosum also known as and what cells are found there?
- Prickle cell layer - Langerhans cells (bone marrow derived)
31
What do cells of Stratum Granulosum contain? What are these cells called?
- Cells contain granules of precursor of keratin - Keratohyalin granules
32
What is Stratum Spinosum?
Spine like cytoplasmic extensions
33
What is the Stratum Basale also called?
stratum germinativum
34
What process occurs at the Stratum Basale layer?
- Mitotically active (a lot of proliferation and cell division occurs) - Keratinocytes divide & begin differentiation
35
What cells does Stratum Basale layer contain?
- Stem cells - Melanocytes - Merkel cells
36
Where are large number of Merkel cells found?
on fingertips & lips
37
What connects the epidermis and dermis?
- Rete Ridge - Basement Membrane Zone (BMZ)
38
What is Rete Ridge?
epidermal protrusions that point downward into the dermis
39
What is the function Rete Ridges?
- Partly responsible for skin integrity - Resistant to shear & friction - Minimal regeneration - Facilitates fluid & cell exchange between layers
40
Does the Rete Ridge height increase or decrease with age?
Decreases with age
41
Where is a blister likely to form?
Blister forms between the epidermis & dermis with loss of anchor
42
What is the second layer of skin called?
Dermis
43
What is the largest skin layer? How thick is it?
- Dermis - About 2mm (>3mm on soles and palms)
44
What is the function of the dermis?
Provide strength & structure to skin
45
What are the layers of the dermis?
Papillary & Reticular layer
46
- The papillary layer is (loose or dense) CT - The reticular layer is (loose or dense) CT
- Papillary is loose CT - Reticular is dense CT
47
Describe the collagen in the papillary layer
thin & loosely arranged
48
What cells are found in the papillary layer?
- macrophages - lymphocytes - mast cells
49
Describe the collagen of the reticular layer
elastic
50
Which layer of the dermis has increased tensile strength?
Reticular layer because it is dense CT
51
What are the specialized cells of the dermis?
- Mast cells - Macrophages - Lymphocytes - Fibroblasts - Langerhans cells
52
What cells are found in both the epidermis and dermis?
Langerhans cells
53
What does mast cells contain and what are they responsible for?
- Contain histamine & heparin - Responsible for cellular defense mechanism
54
What are macrophages and what is their function?
- Scavenger cells that ingest dead tissue - repair injured tissues
55
What is the function of lymphocytes?
help mediate the immune response in the skin
56
When are fibroblast active and what do they secrete?
- Active during inflammation - Secrete collagen & elastin
57
What is the function of Langerhans cells?
- First line of defense, epidermal immunity - Transports antigens to lymph nodes
58
What are the 2 dermal proteins?
- Collagen - Elastin
59
What is collagen secreted by? What is the types of collagen found in the dermis?
- Secreted by dermal fibroblasts - Primarily type I; some type 3 (NOT type 2)
60
What is elastin secreted by? What purpose does it serve?
- Secreted by fibroblasts - gives skin elasticity
61
What is the innermost layer of skin?
Subcutaneous tissue or Hypodermis
62
What is the subcutaneous tissue made up of?
- Loose CT - Adipose - Vessels (lymphatics & blood)
63
What is the function of subcutaneous tissue?
- provides insulation & cushioning - stores energy - adds to skin mobility
64
What underlying tissue is it really important to maintain moisture?
- Muscle - Tendon - Fascia

Integumentary (4 decks)

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