Anatomy/Physiology of The Speech Mechanism Flashcards
When an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood cells creates the need for oxygen the ________ in the brainstem fires impulses to the respiratory muscles
Medulla oblongata
Respiration is made possible by structural framework that includes:
The lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum and rib cage
The ______ lung is shorter brighter and bigger than the left long because the liver underneath forces it into a slightly upward direction
Right
The trachea is formed of approximately ____ rings of cartilage
20
The spinal column consist of ___to ___ individual vertebrae
32-33
There are ___ cervical vertebrae
___thoracic vertebrae
___ lumbar vertebrae
____ sacral vertebrae
____ coccygeal vertebrae
7 12 5 5 3-4
The sternum consists of three parts:
The manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
The _____ is in the floor of the chest cavity. It is a thick, dome shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from thorax. Because the lungs rest upon it it plays a major role in breathing.
Diaphragm
The 11 paired ____________ pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation
Internal intercostals
The 11 paired ______ raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation
External intercostals
Serrated posterior superior:
Levator costarum brevis:
Locator costarum longis:
External intercostal:
ELEVATE rib cage
Pectoralis major:
Increases the transverse dimension of the rib cage
Pectoralis minor:
Increases the transverse dimension of the rib cage
Levator scapulae:
Elevate scapula/supports Neck
Rhomboideus major
Rhomboideus minor
Stabilizes shoulder girdle
The two key accessory muscles of the neck are:
- Sternocleidomastoid
2. Trapezius
The sternocleidomastoid elevates the
Sternum and thus, indirectly the rib cage
The trapezius controls the…
Head and elongates the neck, and thus indirectly influences respiration
Most muscles involved with breathing assist with _____
Inhalation
The muscles of expiration include:
Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, internal oblique and quadratus lumborum
Respiration, the process of breathing involving an exchange of gases between an organism and its environment, is necessary for life itself. It is also the foundation of ______
Speech
The two primary muscle categories for respiration are:
The thoracic muscles of inspiration and the abdominal of muscles of expiration
In addition to producing the sound needed for speech, the larynx has biological functions. These include:
- Closure of the trachea so that food and other substances do not enter the lungs
- Production of the cough reflex to expel foreign substances the accidentally enter the trachea
- Closure of the vocal folds to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks such as excretion and lifting heavy items
The larynx is suspended from the __________
Hyoid bone
The ___________ forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
The ________ which some view as the uppermost tracheal ring, is linked with the thyroid cartilage in the paired arytenoid cartilages. It completely surrounds the trachea
Cricoid cartilage
The _________ are small, pyramid shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding in circular movements
Arytenoid cartilages
The small cone shaped ______ sit on the apex of the arytenoids. They assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing. They are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds
Cuneiform
The cuneiform cartilages serve to…
Stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds
The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for
Sound production
The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are:
Thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid
The thyro arytenoid is divided into two muscle masses:
Internal thyrorytenoid
External thyroarytenoid
The ________ is the primary portion of the muscle that vibrates and produces sound. It is generally referred to as the vocalis muscle, or more commonly vocal folds
Internal thyroarytenoid
The abductor muscles include:
Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, and oblique arytenoid
These muscles act to bring the vocal folds together
The cricothyroid muscle is attached to the cricoid and thyroid Cartilages. It _____ and _______ the vocal folds
Lengthens and tenses
Abduction of the vocal folds is accomplished when the __________ contracts
PCA (posterior cricoarytenoid)
The primary function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles is
To support the larynx and fix its position
The extrinsic laryngeal muscles have one attachment to ______________and One attachment to___________
A structure was in the larynx and one attachment to a structure outside the larynx
All extrinsic muscles are attached to the ___________ and serve to lower or raise the position of the larynx within the neck
The hyoid bone
The elevators, or suprahyoid muscles, lie _____the hyoid bone. Their primary function is ________ of the larynx. The suprahyoid muscles are:
Above; elevation
Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus and genioglossus
The depressors or infrahyoid muscles lie below the hyoid bone. their primary function is depression of the larynx. the infrahyoid muscles are:
Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid
The vocal folds have three layers:
- The epithelium, or outer cover
- The lamina propria, or middle layer
- The vocalis muscle or body which provides stability and mass to the vocal fold
There are two other pairs of vocal folds:
The aryepiglottic folds and the ventricular or false vocal folds
The aryepiglottic folds are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the _________ from the ________ and help preserve the airway
Laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx
The ventricular folds vibrate only a very _____fundamental frequencies and usually do not during phonation in a normal speaker. The ventricular folds compress during such activities as coughing and lifting heavy items.
Low
The ___________ theory States of the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds
Myoelastic – aerodynamic theory
The_______ caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal, is the sucking motion of the vocal folds toward one another
Bernouli effect
The mucosal wave is critical to
Vibration of the vocal folds
Vocal folds that of been stripped surgically to remove vocal pathologies such as nodules maybe stiff and have difficulty vibrating due to alteration of
The normal mucosal wave
The primary cortical areas involved in speech and motor control are:
Primary motor cortex (area 4)
Broca’s area (area 44)
Somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3)
Supplementary motor cortex (area 6)
Cranial nerve X the Vagus nerve includes the following primary branches, which innervate the larynx
Superior laryngeal nerve which has internal and external branches. Internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx, and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve. Supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, Thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. it supplies all sensory information below the vocal folds.
Key structures involved in articulation include:
Pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, and cheeks
_________ is the process by which the voice, or laryngeal tone is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced. The resonators that serve to modify Laryngeal tone are:
Resonation
Pharynx, nasal cavity, and the oral cavity
Only ___ sounds in English are produced with nasal resonance. During the production of those sounds, the soft palate or velum is relaxed and lowered thus there is coupling of the nasal and oral cavities;they are not separated from one another
3; /m/, /n/, /ng/
The velum ______ and _____\for production of all other consonant sounds in English. During production of those sounds, the velum makes contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. In this way the sounds are produced primarily with oral resonance.
Raised and retracted
The ______is the primary resonating structure for all English sounds, except M, N, and in NG
Oral cavity
According to the _______ theory vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes: the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the nasal cavity. These linked tubes provide the variable resonating cavity that helps produce speech.
It states that energy from the vibrating vocal folds (the source) is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (the filter)
Source-filter theory
Do you pharyngeal cavity is divided into three segments:
- The laryngopharynx (which begins immediately superior to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue) is connected to…
- The oropharynx (which extends up to the soft palate and is connected to…)
- The nasopharynx which ends where the two nasal cavities begin
Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by cranial nerves ____ and ____via the _________.
X and XI
Pharyngeal plexus
The soft palate is composed of a number of muscles:
levator veli palatini, the palatoglossus, and the palatopharyngeus.
Primary elevator of the velum:
levator veli palatini
Tenses Velum/dilates eustachian tube
Tensor veli palatini
Elevates and depresses velum
Palatoglossus
Narrows for Pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx
Palatopharyngeus
The bony hard palate is the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose. It is part of the ______or paired bones which are the largest in the face and form the entire upper jaw.
Maxillae
The portion of the maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate is called the
Palatine process
The muscles of the mid-level can be categorized as either ________ or _________
Elevators or depressors
Elevators of the mandible:
Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid (protrudes mandible)
Depressors of the mandible:
Anterior belly of digastric, posterior belly of digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
_____ teeth are temporary teeth that appear in a baby, usually around 6 to 9 months of age. Babies normally have ___ deciduous teeth, 10 ineach arch. Of those 10 four are incisors, two are canine, and four are molar
Deciduous
20
________ include deviations in the positioning of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of the upper and lower dental arches
Malocclusions
Anatomically the tongue is divided into four major parts:
Tip, blade, dorsum, root
The ___ is that the thinnest and most flexible part of the tongue; it plays in important role in articulation
Tip
The _____ is a small region adjacent to the tip; in resting position the blade is the portion of the tongue that lies just inferior to the alveolar ridge
Blade
The _____ is the large area of the tongue that lies in contact with both the hard and soft palate
Forum
The ______connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue. This band of tissue may stabilize the tongue during movement
Lingual frenulum
Intrinsic tongue muscles:
Superior longitudinal muscle, inferior longitudinal muscle, transverse muscles, vertical muscles
Extrinsic tongue muscles:
Genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus
Superior longitudinal muscle
Inferior longitudinal muscle
Shortens tongue/turns tip upward
Shortens tongue pulls tip downward
Transverse muscles
Narrow and elongate tongue
Vertical muscles
Flatten tongue
Genioglossus
Forms bulk of town, retracts tongue, draws tongue downward, protrude tip
Styloglossus
Draws tongue up and back
Hyoglossus
Retracts and depresses tongue
Chondroglossus
Depresses tongue
Palatoglossus
Elevates tongue
The primary muscle of the lips is…
The orbicularis oris
The primary muscle of the cheeks is…
The buccinator
Mentalis
Pulls lower lip out, wrinkles and elevates chin
Platysma
Depresses mandible
Risorius
Retracts lips at corners
Buccinator
Constricts oropharynx; moves food onto the grinding surfaces of molars
Depressor labii inferioris
Pulls lips down and out to dilate orifice
Depressor anguli Oris
Helps to press lower and upper lips together
Zygomatic minor
Elevates upper lip
Zygomatic major
Retracts and elevates angle of mouth
Orbicularis oris
Pulls lips together, seals lips, serves as a point of insertion for other muscles
Levator anguli or is
Draws corner of mouth upward and toward medial
Levator labii superioris
Elevates upper lip
levator labii superioris Aleaeque mask
Elevates upper lip
The cranial nerves mostly involved with innervating the muscles involved in articulation include:
V (trigeminal), VII (facial), X (VAGUS), XI (spinal accessory), and XII (hypoglossal)
The ponds also called the ________is a round bulging structure that bridges the two halves of the _______
Metencephalon
Cerebellum
The ponds transmits information relative to ______ from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum
movement
The medulla also called the ________is the uppermost portion of the spinal cord
Myelin cephalon
The medulla is very important for ____\production because it contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei
Speech
The reticular activating system is a structure within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord.
It integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it.
The RAS plays a role in the execution of _____ activity
the RAS is the primary mechanism of _____and ________
it is important and controlling ______cycles
Motor
Attention and consciousness
Sleep wake cycles
The basal ganglia consists of three nuclear masses:
Together these are called the
The globe is pallidus, the putamen, and the caudate nucleus
Corpus striatum
The basal ganglia are part of the _________system
Extrapyramidal
Extrapyramidal system is considered an ___ activation system because motor movements are not directly controlled in the basal ganglia
Lesions in the basal ganglia can result in
Indirect
Unusual body postures, dysarthria, changes in body tone, and involuntary and uncontrolled movements
Three primary fiber bundle service connections between the brainstem and cerebellum and these are:
The superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle’s
The cerebellum is _____ a primary motor integration or initiation center.
The cerebellum regulates ….
Damage to the cerebellum results in…
Not
equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements
Ataxia and ataxic dysarthria
