Anatomy & Physiology: Introduction & Overview

Question 1

What is Anatomy?

Answer 1

It is the study of the structure and shape of the body, body parts, and their relationship to one another.

Question 2

What are the two classifications of anatomy?

Answer 2

Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. 

Question 3

What is gross anatomy? 

Answer 3

It refers to the large and easily observable structures. 

Question 4

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 4

Requires the use of a microscope to view the small structures in the body. 

Question 5

What is physiology?

Answer 5

It is the study of how the body and its parts work together in order to perform a certain function. 

Question 6

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 6

It is the study of disordered physiological processes that result from disease or injury. It means that there is something wrong with the physiological processes in the body. 

Question 7

What is an atom? 

Answer 7

It is the smallest unit of an element that still maintains the properties of that element. For example, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 8

What is a molecule? 

Answer 8

Atoms combine to form molecules. Can have entirely different properties than the atoms they contain.

Question 9

What is a cell?

Answer 9

A cell is the smallest unit of life. It is enclosed by a membrane or cell wall. In multicellular organisms, often perform specific functions. 

Question 10

What is a tissue?

Answer 10

A tissue is a group of cells with similar functions. 

Question 11

What is an organ? 

Answer 11

An organ consists of two or more types of tissues that work together to complete a specific task. 

Question 12

What is an organ system? 

Answer 12

An organ system is a group of organs that carries out a more generalized set of functions. 

Question 13

What is an organism? 

Answer 13

An organism has several organ systems that function together. 

Question 14

Name the 11 organ systems. 

Answer 14

Integumentary system, skeletal system muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system.

Question 15

What is the function of the Integumentary system?

Answer 15

1. Protection of the deeper organs from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injury and from drying out. 
2. Excretion of salts and urea.
3. Synthesis of vitamin D.
4. Maintenance of cellular fluid.
5. Detection of stimuli. 

Question 16

What are the three main layers of the skin?

Answer 16

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis. 

Question 17

What is the function of the skeletal system? 

Answer 17

It is the framework of the body.
Functions:
1. Facilitates movement
2. Body support
3. Reduction of internal organs
4. Storage of minerals and fats
5. Blood cell formation

Question 18

What are the four main fibrous and mineralized connective tissues of the skeletal system? 

Answer 18

1. Bones
2. Tendons
3. Joints
4. Ligaments

Question 19

What are the two major parts of the skeletal system? 

Answer 19

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Question 20

What is the function of the muscular system? 

Answer 20

1. Permits movement of the body
2. Maintains posture
3. Helps in the circulation of blood throughout the body
4. Heat generation

Question 21

What is the muscular system controlled by? 

Answer 21

The nervous system. 

Question 22

What are the three types of muscular tissue? 

Answer 22

Skeletal or striated muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Question 23

What is the nervous system? 

Answer 23

It is made up of a network of nerves cells and fibers. It is also an electrochemical communication system. 

Question 24

What are the functions of the nervous system? 

Answer 24

1. Receives sensory messages from the external environment.
2. Organizes information and integrates it with already stored information.
3. Uses integrated information to send out messages to muscles and glands.

Question 25

At a cellular level, the nervous system is defined by the presence of a cell called__________. 

Answer 25

Neuron or nerve cell. 

Question 26

What are the three types of neurons? 

Answer 26

Sensory neuron, relay neuron, and motor neuron.

Question 27

What are the two main parts of the nervous system? 

Answer 27

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. 

Question 28

What is the central nervous system composed of? 

Answer 28

Brain and spinal cord. 

Question 29

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of? 

Answer 29

It is mainly composed of nerves. 

Question 30

Peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the __________ and __________. 

Answer 30

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system. 

Question 31

Function of the autonomic nervous system. 

Answer 31

It regulates involuntary physiological processes. 

Question 32

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into three namely the ______, _____, and _____.

Answer 32

Parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system

Question 33

Function of the somatic nervous system. 

Answer 33

It handles the voluntary controls of the body’s movement and coordinates with the skeletal muscles. 

Question 34

What is the function of the endocrine system? 

Answer 34

It serves as the chemical messenger of the body. 

Question 35

What are the nine major endocrine glands? 

Answer 35

Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testis, parathyroid gland, and hypothalamus.

Question 36

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 36

1. Regulates the body’s metabolism 2. Growth and development 3. Tissue function 4. Sexual function 5. Reproduction 6. Sleepiness and mood of a person 7. Maintenance of the body’s homeostasis

Question 37

What is the circulatory system composed of? 

Answer 37

The heart, blood vessels, and other blood essential components. 

Question 38

What is the function of the circulatory system? 

Answer 38

It is a transport system that carries blood containing O2, CO2 nutrients, waste ions, hormones and other substances throughout the body. It transports blood through the pumping action of the heart.

Question 39

What are the functions of the circulatory system? 

Answer 39

1. Delivers O2 to the cells 2. Removes CO2 3. Removes waste products of metabolism to the excretory organs for disposal 4. Protect the body against diseases and infections

Question 40

What are the two components of the circulatory system? 

Answer 40

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. 

Question 41

What is pulmonary circulation? 

Answer 41

It moves the deoxygenated blood between the heart and the lungs.

Question 42

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 42

It moves oxygenated blood between the heart and the rest of the body. 

Question 43

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Answer 43

It consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils and scattered collections of lymphoid tissues.

Question 44

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 44

1. Transports excess interstitial fluid back into the bloodstream 2. Cleanses the blood of pathogens and other debris 3. It provides immunological defenses against disease causing agents

Question 45

The lymphatic system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all the tissues to allow for a movement called the ________. 

Answer 45

Lymph (similar to blood & circulates throughout the body) 

Question 46

How many lymph nodes does the body have?

Answer 46

600

Question 47

What does lymphadenitis? 

Answer 47

It is a condition that occurs when lymph nodes become infected.

Question 48

What does the respiratory system consist of? 

Answer 48

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs.

Question 49

What are the functions of the respiratory system? 

Answer 49

1. Keeps the blood supplied with oxygen while removing CO2 2. Contributes to the acid base balance of the blood (carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system) 

Question 50

The respiratory system is divided into two. The ______ and _______. 

Answer 50

Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

Question 51

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 51

It breaks down ingested food to minute particles.

Question 52

What does the digestive system consist of? 

Answer 52

The oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

Question 53

What is the urinary system also called? 

Answer 53

Excretory system or renal system

Question 54

The urinary system is composed of _____________. 

Answer 54

The kidneys, uterus, bladder and urethra

Question 55

What are the functions of the urinary system? 

Answer 55

1. Eliminates waste from the body 2. Regulates blood volume and blood pressure 3. Controls levels of electrolytes 4. Regulates blood pH

Question 56

The functional unit of the urinary system. 

Answer 56

Nephron

Question 57

A process by which waste of the body are expelled. 

Answer 57

Urination

Question 58

What are the three processes of urine formation? 

Answer 58

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Question 59

What is the normal output of urine per day? 

Answer 59

500 ML

Question 60

Urine is composed of _____ % water.

Answer 60

95%

Question 61

What are the functions of the reproductive system? 

Answer 61

1. Produces egg and sperm cell 2. Transports and sustains these cells 3. Nurtures and protects developing offspring 4. Produces hormones

Question 62

What are the six parts of the female reproductive system? 

Answer 62

Ovaries, uterine tubules (fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix, mammary glands, vagina

Question 63

What are the five parts of the male reproductive system? 

Answer 63

Testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, duct system

Question 64

Directional term: towards the head

Answer 64

Superior (Cranial) 

Question 65

Directional term: towards the bottom

Answer 65

Inferior (Caudal) 

Question 66

Directional term: towards the front

Answer 66

Anterior (Ventral)

Question 67

Directional term: towards the back

Answer 67

Posterior (Dorsal) 

Question 68

Directional term: towards the midline of the body

Answer 68

Medial

Question 69

Directional term: towards the side of the body

Answer 69

Lateral

Question 70

Directional term: away from the surface of the body

Answer 70

Internal (Deep) 

Question 71

Directional term: towards the surface of the body

Answer 71

External (superficial) 

Question 72

Directional term: towards the main mass of the body

Answer 72

Proximal

Question 73

Directional term: away from the main mass of the body

Answer 73

Distal

Question 74

Directional term: related to internal organs

Answer 74

Visceral

Question 75

Directional term: related to the body walls

Answer 75

Parietal

Question 76

A body plane that divides the body into left and right portions. 

Answer 76

Sagittal plane

Question 77

A body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. 

Answer 77

Coronal plane

Question 78

A body plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. 

Answer 78

Horizontal plane

Question 79

What is a body cavity? 

Answer 79

It is a fluid-filled space inside the body that either holds or protects internal organs.

Question 80

The body cavity is classified into the _______ and ________.

Answer 80

Dorsal body cavity and ventral body cavity

Question 81

Name the four quadrants of the body. 

Answer 81

Left and right upper quadrant, left and right lower quadrant

Question 82

Enumerate the abdominal regions of the body.

Answer 82

Left and right hypochondriac region, left and right lumbar region, left and right inguinal region, epigastric region, umbilical region and hypogastric region

Question 83

What does homeostasis? 

Answer 83

A state of equilibrium where there is a balance in which the internal environment changes. It is also a property of human biological system where is the self-regulating processes tend to maintain the balance of the body for survival. 

Question 84

The meaning of homeostasis in Greek. 

Answer 84

Stable

Question 85

What are the three main components in homeostasis?

Answer 85

Receptor, control center, effector

Question 86

Name the two types of feedback.

Answer 86

Positive and negative feedback

Question 87

With POSITIVE feedback, effectors _______ change.

Answer 87

Enhance

Question 88

With NEGATIVE feedback, effectors _______ change.

Answer 88

Oppose