Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Review of pulmonary
What does the respiratory system include?
Nose, Mouth, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchial tree, lungs, diaphragm, and chest muscles.
Endo refers to
Internal
Exo refers to
External
What are the five functions of the lungs?
- Transferring oxygen into blood and elimination CO2
- Metabolize and detoxify internal (endo) and external (Exo) substances.
- Defend against infectious agents and environmental pollutants
- Provide immunological processes that occur independently from the body
- Synthesize substances, such as surfactant, that line the respiratory units.
What are part of the defense system in the lungs?
Cilia in the bronchial linings, with phagocyte cells and the lymphatic system.
Main difference between Bronchi and Bronchioles
Bronchi are made up of cartilage, while bronchioles are non-cartilaginous/membrane airways
How is airflow affected by the decreasing size of the airways between the bronchi and the bronchioles?
There is an increase in surface area (of the bronchioles) airflow resistance therefore decreases as the air moves from the trachea to the bronchioles.
Under what conditions can spirometry help in the assessment of small airway disease?
The small airways (leess than 2 mm) contribute 15% to total airways resistance. Therefore, considerable disease must be present for a pulmonary function test to be affected.
What structures comprise of the conducting airways?
The trachea, bronchi, and non-respiratory bronchioles
What makes up the acinus?
Actual gas exchange occurs at the acinus: the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and individual alveolus.
Two basic cell types and their role in pulmonary defense
Epithelial cells & Goblet cells.
A mucus layer is produced by the goblet cells on the ciliated cells form the ciliary escalator. This is the primary defense mechanism for removing particulates.
How does smoking contribute to lung disease?
Smoking impairs the lung’s natural defense mechanism by irritating the airways and impeding the function of the macrophages and the mucociliary escalators.
Synergistic is what?
Synergistic means that the combined effect of two or more substances is greater than the effects of each added together.
What does Synergistic have to do with smoking and occupational exposures?
Smokers who are exposed may develop lung or heart disease or cancer more readily than non-smokers. Due to the damage done to the lungs by smoking.
Name respiratory hazards classified by their impact on the respiratory tract.
- Asphyxiants
- Irritants
- Fibrosis producers
- Allergens
- Carcinogens
What is the forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver?
Occurs when one takes a maximal inspiration and then forcefully exhales, usually over a period of 6-12 seconds.
What is compliance?
Compliance is the degree of stiffness, or distensibility, of the lung tissue.
How does compliance and elastic recoil affect FVC?
When the lung is very stiff, increase pressure is required to change the volume. Compliance represents the ratio of volume change to pressure change.
Elastic recoil is changed based on compliance. If the compliance of the lung is reduced then elastic recoil is increase. When the lung shows an increased compliance (Floppy) then there is less elastic recoil.
What diseases affect compliance and recoil.
Compliance - asbestosis
Elastic recoil - Pulmonay fibrosis (increase elastic), emphysema (decreased elastic).
How does airflow resistance affect the FVC?
Airflow resistance is determined by the number, length and cross-sectional area of the conducting airways. When you inspire maximally, your normal lung tissues exerts maximum elastic recoil at the end of inspiration. Then, as you forcefully exhale, airway resistance increases and elastic recoil is diminished.
What disease conditions affect airflow?
Diseases that affect airflow include emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
(Affected lung can’t exhale the air as quickly as a normal, healthy one can.)
What is elastic recoil?
Elastic recoil is greatest at maximal inflation. (like a balloon)
What is ventilation?
A mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs.
How does inspiration occur?
The medulla sends an impulse to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The muscles contract and the diaphragm descends. As the chest expands, there is less pressure inside then out, and air flows in.
Respiration is the process of
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange by diffusion through the alveolar and capillary membrane.
What at the 4 lung volumes?
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Residual Volume
What are the 7 Lung Capacities?
Functional Residual capacity (FRV) Inspiratory capacity (IC) Vital Capacity (VC) Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) Forced expirarory voume (FEV) Forced vital capacity (FVC) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
What two lung capacities make up functional residual volume?
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) & Residual Volume (RV)
What two lung capacities makes up inspiratory capacity (IC)?
Tidal volume (Vt) and Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
What is Vital capacity a measurement of?
Sum of inspitaroy reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume
How long does forced vital capacity take?
6-12 seconds generally
What are the three things that spirometry can not measure?
Functional residual volume (FRC), residual volume (RV), and total lung capacity (TLC)
Mechanical properties of the low and airflow resistance help determine what?
The shape of the expiratory curves during ventilation
Compliance and elastic recoil are considered on what side of ventilation
Mechanical
