Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

WOMEN'S HEALTH > ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

ideally want a ________ shaped pelvis to allow baby through it

A

gynecoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

platypelloid shaped pelvis

A

horizontal oval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

android shaped pelvis

A

heart shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anthropoid shaped pelvis

A

vertical oval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when a C-section or hysterectomy is done - be very aware of cutting or clamping the uterine artery instead of the

A

ureter

uterine artery lies directly over the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

used to think that the ___________ uterus position was the only one viable for pregnancy

A

anteverted

  • Anteverted = lying on top of the bladder; other positions =
  • anteverted & anteflexed = lying on top of bladder, but curving too
  • Mid position = sticking up
  • Retroverted = lying on top of sigmoid colon/cecum
  • Retroverted & retroflexed = lying on top of sigmoid colon/cecum and curving too
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

A
  • ovarian artery = connects abdominal aorta to ovary
  • uterine artery = connects iliac artery (internal) to uterus
  • vaginal artery = connects iliac artery (internal) to vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

most common incision for C-section

A

pfannenstiel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

horizontal vs vertical C-section incisions

A

⦁ Paramedian & Midline incision = vertical - woman must have recurrent C-sections because her uterus is at risk for rupture if she tries to have a vaginal birth later

  • Pfannenstiel incision allows women to try having a vaginal birth after C-section
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

granulosa cells secrete

A

estrogen

theca = progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

⦁ The blood supply of anterior pituitary originates in the

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the hypothalamus has no direct

A

nerve connections

all through the blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hypothalamic neurohormones

A

⦁ GnRH - Gonadotropin releasing hormone
⦁ TRH = thyrotropin releasing hormone
⦁ SRIF = somatotropin release inhibiting factor (inhibits somatostatin/growth factor)
⦁ CRF = corticotropin releasing factor
⦁ PIF = prolactin release inhibiting factor (inhibits dopamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the anterior pituitary is derived from

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the posterior pituitary is derived from

A

neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

posterior pituitary releases what 2 hormones

A

ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hormones released from anterior pituitary

A
  • FSH - gonadotrophs
    • LH - gonadotrophs
    • TSH - thyrotrophs
    • Prolactin - lactotrophs
    • GH
    • ACTH
    • MSH = melanocyte stimulating hormone - Addison’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hormone pathway summary

A 
GnRH --> FSH / LH --> Ovaries
TRH --> TSH --> Thyroid
SRIF --> GH --> skeletal system
CRF --> ACTH / MSH --> Adrenals
PIF (dopamine) --> Prolactin -- Breasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PULSATILE SECRETION OF GnRH is stimulated by ________________ and is inhibited by _________________

A

stimulated by NE

is inhibited by dopamine (PIF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PULSATILE SECRETION OF GnRH

  • Low pulse frequency triggers ___
  • High pulse frequency triggers ____
A
  • Low pulse frequency triggers FSH

- High pulse frequency triggers LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GnRH reaches the anterior pituitary by ________________________________ and stimulates secretion of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

A

hypothalamic-pituitary portal vascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

if pregnancy occurs, the ______ released from the zygote is what keeps the corpus luteum functioning, which continues to secrete progesterone & estrogen, so that the endometrial lining is maintained

A

HCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

follicular phase

A

first 2 weeks (days 1-12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in the follicular phase __________ dominates

A

estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in the luteal phase, ___________ dominates

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when does negative feedback switch to positive feedback

A

ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when is negative feedback turned off

A

menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when does menstruation occur

A

first days of the follicular phase

29
Q

the surge in LH does what 2 things

A

causes ovulation

causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum (which secretes progesterone and estrogen)

30
Q

__________ “builds up” the endometrium

A

estrogen

31
Q

the low levels of LH cause theca cells to secrete ______________.

A

androgens

the FSH binding to granulosa cells secretes aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogen

32
Q

LH surge leads to _________ being released

A

the oocyte

33
Q

elevated basal body temp in which phase

A

luteal

34
Q

role of estrogen

on cervix, uterus, breasts, vagina, bone, etc.

A
  • breast development during puberty
  • stimulates cell growth (proliferative phase) of the endometrium
  • stimulates abundant clear mucus at mid cycle - Cervix
  • stimulates lubrication of vagina. also growth & maturation of vaginal epithelium
  • helps maintain bone density; there are estrogen receptors in osteoblasts
35
Q

role of progesterone

on temperature, cervix, breasts, fallopian tubes

A
  • **Thermogenic effects at the level of the hypothalamus (increases basal body temp by 0.5-1)
  • cervical mucus thickens & decreases in amount
  • stimulation of ducts, nipple & areola - contributes to fullness & tenderness of breasts
  • decreases mucus & causes relaxation of the fallopian tubes - to speed ovum transport
36
Q

stimulates abundant clear mucus from cervix

A

ESTROGEN

37
Q

cervical mucus thickens & decreases in amount

A

progesterone

38
Q

body temp increases

A

progesterone

39
Q

helps maintain bone density

A

estrogen

40
Q

stimulation of ducts, nipple & areola - contributes to fullness & tenderness of breasts

A

progesterone

41
Q

breast development during puberty

A

estrogen

42
Q

decreases mucus & causes relaxation of the fallopian tubes - to speed ovum transport

A

progesterone

43
Q

how to track ovulation

A

track length of menstrual cycles

  • can perform serial transvaginal ultrasounds to follow follicular development from dominant follicle to corpus luteum
  • measure LH surge (using OTC urine kits)
    ⦁ ovulation occurs 36 hours after LH surge
    ⦁ LH shows up in urine 12 hrs after a surge
    ⦁ LH also increases with PCOS, POI, and menopause

Basal body temp rises 0.5 - 1

  • can also measure serum progesterone at mid luteal phase (peaks)
44
Q

follicular phase begins with ________ and ends with ____________

A

menstruation

LH surge

45
Q

luteal phase begins with ________ and ends with ___________

A

LH surge

onset of next menses

46
Q

day 1 = first day of

A

menses

day 1 = used for LMP

47
Q

Onset of __________ signals reactivation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis with pulsatile Gn-RH secretions

A

puberty

48
Q

role of estrogen in puberty

A
  • augments the accrual of bone during puberty
  • 2 estrogen receptors (alpha & beta) mediate the actions of estrogen - the presence of both has been demonstrated in the growth plate
  • contributes to growth plate fusion at end of puberty
  • stimulates breast development
49
Q

1st thing to start in puberty for girls

A

breast development

50
Q

delayed puberty

A
  • absent or incomplete sexual maturation by an age at which 95% of girls started pubertal development
    ⦁ absence of secondary sex characteristics by age 13
    ⦁ absence of menarche by age 15-16
    ⦁ no menarche 5 years after onset of thelarche (breast development)
51
Q

Mullerian agenesis

A

absence of uterus, cervix and upper vagina

52
Q

causes of delayed puberty

A
  • Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism : FSH >35
  • Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome)
  • Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: FSH & LH <10
  • Constitutional (physiologic delay) of HPO
  • Suppression of HPO axis by illness, malnutrition or excessive exercise
    -Elevated prolactin (certain drugs, pituitary tumors)
  • Kallmann Syndrome (genetic)
  • Anatomic
    ⦁ Imperforate hymen/ transverse vaginal septum
    ⦁ Mullerian agenesis: absence of uterus, cervix and upper vagina
53
Q

precocious puberty

A

Onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 6 in black girls and prior to age 7 in white girls (or > 2 SD from normal)

54
Q

GnRH -dependent = central precocious puberty

A

⦁ early activation of HPO with both breast and pubic hair development:
⦁ 90% idiopathic (dx of exclusion: MRI)
⦁ CNS lesions (tumor, hydrocephalus, )trauma, inflammatory disease
⦁ Severe hypothyroidism : high TSH activates FSH receptor
⦁ Generally treated with GnRH agonist

55
Q

GnRH - independent = peripheral precocious puberty

A

⦁ Autonomous functional ovarian cysts
⦁ McCune-Albright syndrome (rare genetic disorder)
⦁ Adrenal pathology: Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
- May mimic PCOS due to accompanying hyperandrogenism
- Adrenal tumors
⦁ Exposure to exogenous estrogens or xenoestrogens (endocrine disruptors which mimic estradiol)

56
Q

MENOPAUSE

A

Permanent cessation of menses:

Retrospective diagnosis: no period (amenorrhea) for 12 months without other explanation= postmenopause

57
Q

-Primary ovarian insufficiency (premature ovarian failure)

A

cessation of menses prior to age 40

58
Q

FSH is _______ in menopause

A

elevated

(no estrogen –> feedback to GnRH to increase FSH/LH)

but elevated FSH is seldom needed for dx unless confirmation of infertility is a concern

59
Q

estrogen loss in postmenopause leads to

A 
⦁	Urogenital atrophy
⦁	Increase in LDL and decrease HDL
⦁	Decrease in bone density
⦁	Estrogen acts to maintain the appropriate ratio between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts in part through the induction of osteoclast apoptosis
⦁	Vasomotor symptoms  (Hot Flashes)
60
Q

thelarche

A

onset of breast development

61
Q

reproductive physiology: breasts

A

Both male and female infants may have palpable breast tissue at birth

Some will have galactorrhea- an effect of maternal hormones

By 2-3 months of age, the breast tissue regresses

Thelarche: onset of breast development starts at age 12.5 in US in 95% of girls

Growth during pregnancy from hormones including: prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, insulin, thyroid hormones and growth hormone

62
Q

blood supply to the breast

A

blood supply comes from subclavian artery → internal & lateral thoracic artery

63
Q

most cancers form _________ on the breast

A

upper outer & tail

64
Q

in pregnancy, the release of _____ & _________from the placenta and __________ from the anterior pituitary causes breast development

A

estrogen and progesterone

prolactin

65
Q

breast milk production is inhibited while pregnant because of the effect that _________ has on prolactin

A

progesterone

66
Q

Milk production stimulated by

A

prolactin

67
Q

Prolactin release stimulated by direct stimulation of the _______

A

nipple

Milk ejection results from nipple stimulation – neuro-endocrine reflex with release of oxytocin

Neuro-endocrine reflex disturbed by maternal tension resulting in problems with nursing

68
Q

CAUSES OF GALACTORRHEA

A

⦁ Idiopathic
⦁ Medications - tranquilizers, antidepressants, anti-hypertensive medications, herbal supplements, and birth control pills
⦁ Hypothyroidism
⦁ Pituitary tumors
⦁ Stimulation of the breasts
⦁ Chest surgery, burns, nerve damage from injury
⦁ Spinal cord injury

69
Q

galactorrhea

A

non-physiologic milky discharge from nipples

WOMEN'S HEALTH (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions