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Muscles level 3 Anatomy > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Heart valves damaged by infection or wear and tear.

Causes them to stiffen and narrow.

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2
Q

Name the left coronary arteries

A

Left anterior descending artery

Left circumflex artery

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3
Q

Name the right coronary arteries

A

Right circumflex artery

Posterior descending artery

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4
Q

What is the normal healthy range for heart rate?

A

60-80bpm

but could be 35-50bpm for athletes

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5
Q

What is the normal healthy range for stroke volume?

A

70-80ml

But could be 100ml+ for athletes

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6
Q

Which mineral is laid down in atheroma deposits?

A

Calcium

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7
Q

What is myocardial ischaemia?

A

Angina - could lead to heart attack

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8
Q

What is the optimal range for blood pressure?

A

(90-120)/(60-80)

> 140 systolic is high
90 diastolic is high

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9
Q

What effect do beta blockers have on HR and BP?

A

Decrease HR

Decrease BP

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10
Q

What effect do vasodilators have on HR and BP?

A

Increase HR

Decrease BP

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11
Q

What effect do alpha blockers have?

A

Relax peripheral blood vessels

Do not affect HR

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12
Q

How can diuretics lead to dysrrythmias?

A

Cause electrolyte imbalances

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13
Q

How do nitrates affect HR and BP?

A

Increase RHR

Decrease RBP

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14
Q

What effect do Ca channel blockers have on HR during exercise?

A

Increase HR during exercise

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15
Q

How do ACE inhibitors affect BP?

A

Decrease BP at rest and during exercise

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16
Q

How do bronchodilators affect HR?

A

Increase HR

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17
Q

How do decongestants affect BP?

A

Increase BP

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18
Q

What effects do antihistamines have?

A

Dry airways and cause drowsiness

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19
Q

What is the valsalva effect?

A

Forced exhalation with a closed airway

Causes fluctuations in HR and BP

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20
Q

What % of the oxygen in the coronary arteries does the heart use at rest?

A

70-80%

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21
Q

Describe the structure of parallel/fusiform muscles

A

Fascicles parallel to long axis.

Flat bands with broad attachments (aponeuroses) at end.

Plump/cylindrical

Shorten by 30% and get wider

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22
Q

Describe the structure of convergent muscles

A

Spread out over area by convergent attachment site

Pull on: aponeuroses, tendons or raphe (band collagen)

One portion stimulated can change direction of pull

Less pull than fusiform

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23
Q

Describe the structure of (uni) pennate muscles

A

Fascicles form a common angle with tendon

Pull at an angle

More tension/ more fibres

Pull less distance

Unipennate if all fibres on same side of tendon
Bipennare if both side
Multipennate if tendon branches within muscle

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24
Q

How long do slow twitch (type 1) muscle fibres take to maximum contraction?

A

40-50ms

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25
Q

How long do fast twitch (IIb) take to reach maximum contraction?

A

5ms

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26
Q

List some adaptations that occur during hypertrophy

A

Type IIa to be more like IIb

More myofibrils

More myosin/actin - new myofilaments

Increase in diameter

Recruit more type I motor units

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27
Q

What is the hyperplasia theory?

A

Alternative to hypertrophy - muscle fibres split to make more fibres

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28
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A

Regular DRCT - smooth, white, flexible, tensile strength in one direction. Made of collagen fibres

Also irregular DICT

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29
Q

What does the epimysium of muscle fuse with at the tendon?

A

Periosteum of bone

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30
Q

Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage

A

Tough smooth and thin

Blue-white in colour

Bone ends to form joints

Slippery when lubricanted

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31
Q

Describe the structure of elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline

More fibres

More elastin than collagen

Elastic

(Ear/Eustachian tube and epiglottis)

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32
Q

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage

A

Thicker, stronger

Less common

Various shapes

Shock absorber

(Meniscus in knee between discs)

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33
Q

Describe the structure of a ligament

A

Tough, white, non elastic

Prolonged tension causes damage

Bone to bone attachment

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34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor nerve and all the muscle fibres it stimulates

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35
Q

Which has the largest number of fibres per motor unit - slow twitch or fast twitch?

A

Fast twitch

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36
Q

Which pelvic bone bears most of the weight when sitting?

A

Ischium

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37
Q

How many ligaments are there in each hip ball/socket joint?

A

7 thick, short, strong ligaments per joint

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38
Q

How many muscular sheets make up the pelvic floor?

A

2-

pelvic diaphragm (deeper)

urogenital diaphragm (superficial)

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39
Q

Superficial transverses perinea

  • Origin, insertion and use?
A

O: ischium
I: central tendon
Use: supports pelvis - viscera/organs

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40
Q

Bulbospongiosus

Origin, insertion and use?

A

O: central tendon
I: males - penis
Females - root of clitoris

Use- assists in emptying urethra in males
Contracts vagina

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41
Q

Ischiocaveronus

Origin, insertion and use?

A

O: ischium
I: pubic arch

Use: assists bulbospongiosus

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42
Q

Levator ani

Origin, insertion and use?

A

O: pubis and ischium
I: coccyx

Use: supports organs

Sphincter action in anal canal and vagina

43
Q

What is the concentration of testosterone in males and females?

A

Males 10-30pg/ml

Females 0.3-2.2pg/ml

44
Q

What are local and global muscles for?

A

Local - stabilising

Global - movement

45
Q

What problems can females have with respect to hip dysfunction?

A

IT band syndrome

Femoral anteversion

Pronation at knees

Overpronation of foot

Anterior pelvic tilt

Lengthening is abdominal wall

46
Q

What effect can the wearing of high heels have?

A

Shorten gastrocnemius and soleus

Knee hyperextension

Tightening of lumbar erectors and hip flexors

Shorter muscles at back of the neck

47
Q

Which joints are multi-axial (3 planes)?

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral)

Hip

Both ball/socket

48
Q

Which joints are bi-axial (2 planes)?

A

Condyloid (ellipsoid) -

Wrist
Metacarpophalangeal
Metatarsophalangeal
Radiocarpal

Saddle -

1st metacarpophalangeal

49
Q

Which joints are unidirectional (one plane)?

A 
Hinge-
Elbow
Interphalangeal
Knee
Talocrual (ankle)

Pivot-
Radioulnar
Atlantoaxial

Gliding -
Tarsals
Talocalceneal (subtalar)

50
Q

Which is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg?

A

Tibia

51
Q

Describe the role of the meniscus in the knee.

A

To absorb shock and wear/tear.

Extra cartilage

52
Q

Name the knee joint ligaments.

A

Medial collateral ligament.

Lateral collateral ligament.

Posterior cruciate ligament.

Anterior cruciate ligament.

53
Q

Name the joints in the shoulder.

A

Sternoclavicular (saddle)

Acromioclavicular (gliding)

Glenohumeral (ball/socket)

54
Q

On which side of the femur is the lesser trochanter?

A

Medial

55
Q

What are condyles?

A

Knuckle-like processes (bone)

56
Q

How long is the spine?

A

70cm - 33 vertebrae long

57
Q

What type of bones are the 7 tarsals?

A

Cuboid

58
Q

How many bones are there in the hand?

A

27 small bones 8 cuboid bones

59
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Nerves compressed, causes pain/numbness in thumb, index and middle fingers /ring finger

60
Q

Describe the sacrum.

A

Consists of 5 fibrous, fused and immovable joints.

61
Q

What do the facet joints do?

A

Gliding joints on either side which connect adjacent vertebrae.

62
Q

Which spinal ligaments are weaker - posterior or anterior?

A

Posterior

63
Q

Name the deep/local muscles

A 
Transverse abdominus
multifidus
Internal obliques
Quadratus lumborum
Pelvic floor
Diaphragm
64
Q

Which muscles co-contract before limb movement?

A

Transverse abdominal and multifidus

65
Q

Name the superficial/global core muscles?

A 
Rectus abdominus
Erector spinae (iliocostalis, longuissimus, spinalis)
66
Q

What does isometric mean?

A

Contraction - no movement

67
Q

Which abnormal posture has too much pelvic forward tilt?

A

Lordosis

68
Q

What needs correcting in pelvis crossed syndrome?

Lordosis

A

Lumbar erector spinae and hip flexors need lengthening/stretch

Abs TA/RA, external/internal obliques and gluteus max need strengthening

Hamstrings maybe overactive

And stretch QL, MF

69
Q

How do we correct a kyphotic posture?

A

Stretch - pecs, neck flexors, RA

Strengthen - mid/low traps, thoracic ES, look at RC

70
Q

How long do we hold a static stretch for?

A

10-30s

15-30s if developmental

71
Q

Which reflex does PNF stretching stimulate?

A

Inverse stretch reflex - Golgi tendon organs

72
Q

Which branch of the peripheral nervous system is under conscious control?

A

Somatic

73
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released when the parasympathetic nervous system is active?

A

Acetylcholine

74
Q

Name four receptors in the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Alpha 1/2

Beta 1/2

75
Q

What does the force of a muscular contraction depend upon?

A

Frequency of impulses

No. of units recruited

76
Q

What do joint receptors do?

A

Give feedback on joint angle

77
Q

Which muscle fibres require a large stimulus for activation?

A

Fast twitch

78
Q

Name the six motor skills

A 
Reaction time
Balance
Co-ordination 
Spatial awareness 
Speed
Agility
79
Q

What is agility?

A

The ability to rapidly change body position and direction in a precise manner.

80
Q

What are the long-term adaptations of the nervous system?

A

New neural connections made
New neurones grown
Frequency of nerve impulses speeds up - improves synchronicity/more force

81
Q

Name the two types of hormones

A

Peptide

Steroid

82
Q

Why is the pituitary a special endocrine gland?

A

Lots of hormones are tropic - control other glands/hormones

83
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Released from fat cells and reduces appetite and increases energy expenditure

84
Q

What is normal blood sugar concentration?

A

90mg/100ml

85
Q

Where do we get PCr from?

A

Internal production by liver/kidneys

From meat

86
Q

What does lactate do to blood pH?

A

Acidosis produces hydrogen ions - lactate acts as a buffer

87
Q

Average BMR?

A

70kCal/hr

88
Q

How much can cardiac output increase by?

A

20l/min sedentary

40l/min trained

89
Q

How much can coronary blood flow increase by?

A

250 cubic cm/min

to 1000 cubic cm/min

90
Q

Which type of connective tissue is found in the:

a) fascia
b) tendons

A

a) dense irregular connective tissue

b) dense regular connective tissue

91
Q

Explain the difference between regular and irregular collagen fibres.

A

Regular (tendon) - run in one direction and are good at withstanding forces in one direction. Not strong when twisted or subjected to lateral tissue.

Irregular (skeletal muscle) - run in different directions and good at withstanding forces in different directions.

92
Q

How many myosin heads in a single myofibril filament?

A

600+

93
Q

How often do myosin heads attach and reattach to actin filaments?

A

5 times per second

94
Q

Explain the role of calcium in the sliding filament theory (contraction cycle).

A

It reveals a binding site on the actin filament.

95
Q

How many ATP molecules are used up every time a myosin head pivots and pulls on an actin filament?

A

One

96
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

Muscle cells being replenished from blood

Also bone

97
Q

Alternative names for slow twitch and fast twitch fibres?

A

Slow oxidative and

Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) - 11a
Fast glycolytic (FG) - 11b
98
Q

Which fibres have a lower firing threshold?

A

Type 1 - do not need a large stimulus to contract

99
Q

Which fibres are thickest?

A

Type 11b

100
Q

Which fibres produce the biggest force (tensile strength)?

A

Type 11

101
Q

What happens during hypertrophy?

A

The number of myofibrils within a muscle fibre will increase. There is also synthesis of new actin and myosin. The new myofilaments are added to the outside of the myofibril giving it an increased diameter.

102
Q

In which plane does horizontal flexion and extension occur?

A

Transverse plane

103
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

Muscles level 3 Anatomy (3 decks)

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