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Milady Nails/Foundations > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Abductor

A

A muscle that separates the fingers and toes

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2
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

A

A muscle of the foot that separates the toes

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3
Q

Abductor hallucis

A

Muscle of the foot that moves the big toe and helps maintain balance while walking or standing

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4
Q

Adductor

A

Muscle at the base of each finger that draws fingers together

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5
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

Chemical energy used for metabolism

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6
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat; gives smoothness and contour to the body

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7
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Glands that control metabolic processes of the body, including fight or flight response

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8
Q

Anabolism

A

Constructive metabolism , combining smaller molecules to build larger and more complex molecules

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9
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of human body structures, as well as what the body is made up of, science of structure of organisms or of their parts

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10
Q

Anterior tibial artery

A

Supplies blood to lower leg muscles and to muscles and skin on the top of the foot and sides of first and second toes, goes to the foot and becomes dorsalis pedis artery

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11
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries throughout the body

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12
Q

Artery

A

Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from heart to capillaries

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13
Q

Atrium

A

One of the two upper chambers of the heart, through which blood is pumped to the ventricles

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscles and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart

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15
Q

Bicep

A

Muscle producing contour of the front and inner side of upper arm, it lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

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16
Q

Blood

A

Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system(heart, veins, arteries and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

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17
Q

Blood vascular system

A

Group of structures ( heart, arteries, veins, capillaries) that distribute blood throughout the body

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18
Q

Body system

A

11 major systems, group of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions

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19
Q

Brain

A

Part of central nervous system contained in cranium, largest and most complex nerve tissue, controls sensation, muscles, gland activity and the power to think and feel emotions

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20
Q

Capillary

A

Tiny thin walled blood vessel that connects the smaller arteries to the veins

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21
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary muscle that is the heart, only found in the heart

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22
Q

Carpus

A

The wrist, a flexible joint composed of a group of 8 small irregular bones held together by ligaments

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23
Q

Catabolism

A

Phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules are broken down to create simpler molecules

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24
Q

Cell membrane

A

Cell part that encloses and holds the protoplasm while still allowing soluble substances (nutrients or waste by products) to enter or leave the cell

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25
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of all living things from bacterial to plants and animals and including human beings, a minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

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26
Q

Central nervous system

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cord spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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27
Q

Circulatory system

A

Also known as the cardiovascular or vascular system, system that controls the steady circulation of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

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28
Q

Common peroneal nerve

A

Division of the sciatic nerve that extends behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches

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29
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body ( ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and fat)

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30
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The part of the protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus and inside the cell wall, the protoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is needed for growth, reproduction and self-repair

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31
Q

Deep peroneal nerve

A

Also known as the anterior tibial nerve, extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles, supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of first and second toes

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32
Q

Deltoid

A

A large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint the allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

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33
Q

Dendrites

A

Treelike branches of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell , short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons

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34
Q

DNA

A

An acid that determines our genetic makeup

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35
Q

Diaphragm

A

The muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing

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36
Q

Digestive enzyme

A

Chemical that changes certain types of foods into a form that can be used by the body

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37
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and wastes,

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38
Q

Digital nerve

A

A nerve that with its branches supplies the fingers and toes

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39
Q

Dorsal nerve

A

Nerve that extends up from the toes and foot just under the skin, supplying impulses to the toes and foot as well as the muscles and skin of the leg

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40
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

Supplies the foot with blood

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41
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Organs such as thyroid or pituitary glands also known as ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream

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42
Q

Endocrine system

A

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body

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43
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Protective covering on body surfaces such as the skin, mucous membranes, tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs and glands

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44
Q

Excretory system

A

Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs which purify the body by eliminating waste matter

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45
Q

Exhalation

A

The act of breathing outward, expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs

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46
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Also known as duct glands, organs that produce a substance that travel through small tubelike ducts such as the sweat and oil glands

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47
Q

Extensor

A

A muscle that straightens the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line

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48
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

A muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes

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49
Q

Femur

A

Heavy long bone that forms the leg above the knee

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50
Q

Fibula

A

Smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee, bump on little toe side of the ankle

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51
Q

Flexor

A

An extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist

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52
Q

Flexor digiti minimi

A

A muscle of the foot that moves the little toe

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53
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis

A

A muscle of the foot that moves the lesser toes and helps maintain balance

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54
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down

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55
Q

Gland

A

Specialized organ that removes certain constituents from the blood to convert them into new substances

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56
Q

Heart

A

Muscular cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

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57
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Coloring matter of the blood, iron containing protein that temporarily binds with oxygen

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58
Q

Histology

A

Also known as microscopic anatomy, the study of tiny structures found in tissues

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59
Q

Hormone

A

Secretion such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body to stimulate a specific activity

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60
Q

Humerus

A

Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from elbow to shoulder

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61
Q

Inhalation

A

The breathing in of air

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62
Q

Insertion

A

The point of attachment in a muscle where movement occurs

63
Q

Integumentary system

A

The skin and its accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors , hair and nails

64
Q

Interstitial fluids

A

Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues

65
Q

Joint

A

Connection between two or more bones in a skeleton

66
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back

67
Q

Lungs

A

An organ of respiration spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in one breathing cycle

68
Q

Lymph

A

Clear fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body, carries waste and impurities away from the cells

69
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Blind end tubes that are the origin of lymphatic vessels

70
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Special structure found inside lymphatic vessels that filter lymph

71
Q

Lymph vascular system

A

Acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph spaces, lymphatics (vessels), lymph nodes, and other structures

72
Q

Lymphatics/immune system

A

Body system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. Protects body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing microorganisms as well as draining the tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids to the blood, carries waste and impurities away from the cells

73
Q

Median nerve

A

The nerve with its branches that supplies the arm and hand

74
Q

Metablolism

A

Chemical process that takes place in living organisms through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activities

75
Q

Metacarpus

A

Bones of the palm of the hand, parts of the hand containing 5 bones between the carpus and phalanges

76
Q

Metatarsal

A

One of the three subdivisions of the foot comprising of five bones, which are long and slender, the other 2 are the tarsal and phalanges

77
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that take in nutrients, break them down and create energy for the cell

78
Q

Mitosis

A

Reproduction process for human tissues in which the cell divides into two identical cells

79
Q

Mitral valve

A

Also the bicuspid valve, valve that separates the 2 chambers on the left side of the heart, the valve permits blood to fall from the left atrium into the ventricle when the atrium contracts, when the atrium relaxes the valve closes to prevent blood from backing up into the atrium and from there into the lungs

80
Q

Motor nerve

A

Also known as the efferent nerve, a nerve that carries impulses from the brain to the muscles

81
Q

Muscular system

A

Body system that covers, shapes and supports the skeleton tissue, contracts and moves various parts of the body

82
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body

83
Q

Myology

A

Study of the nature, structure, function and diseases of the muscles

84
Q

Nerve

A

A whitish cord made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted

85
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all body functions

86
Q

Nervous system

A

The body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, controls and coordinates all other systems inside and outside the body and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently

87
Q

Neurology

A

The science of the structure, function and pathology of the nervous system

88
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell primary structural unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body, nucleus, dendrites and axon

89
Q

Nonstriated muscle

A

Also known as smooth muscle, is involuntary and functions automatically without conscious will, found in internal organs such as digestive or respiratory systems

90
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

A fluid found within the nucleus of the cell that contains protein and dna

91
Q

Nucleus

A

The dense active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism

92
Q

Onycholysis

A

A medical condition caused by physical separation of nail plate from nail bed

93
Q

Organ

A

In plants and animals a structure composed of specialized tissues that allow it to perform specific funtions

94
Q

Organelle

A

Small organ

95
Q

Origin

A

Part of the muscle that does not move, attached to the skeleton and usually part of a skeletal muscle

96
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A joint disease

97
Q

Osteology

A

Study of anatomy, structure and function of bones

98
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ that secretes enzyme producing cells responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats

99
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Regulates blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly

100
Q

Patella

A

Also known as the accessory bone, forms the knee cap joint

101
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Muscles of the chest that assist swinging movements of the arm

102
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Muscles of the chest that assist swinging movements of the arm

103
Q

Pericardium

A

A double layered membranous sac enclosing the heart

104
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

System of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system, it has both sensory and motor nerves

105
Q

Peroneus brevis

A

Muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula bends the foot down and out

106
Q

Peroneus longus

A

Muscle that covers the the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward

107
Q

Phalange

A

Also known as a digit, bone of the fingers or toes

108
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures

109
Q

Pineal gland

A

A gland of the endocrine system that plays a major role in sexual development, sleep and metabolism

110
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A gland of the endocrine system that affects almost every physiologic process of the body, growth, blood pressure, contractions, breast milk, sex organ functions, thyroid and conversion of food into energy (metabolism)

111
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid part of the blood that carries food and other useful substances to the cells

112
Q

Platelet

A

Blood cell that aids in the forming of clots

113
Q

Popliteal artery

A

Divides into two separate arteries known as anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries, anterior goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the foot with blood, posterior tibial supplies blood to the ankles and back of lower leg

114
Q

Posterior tibial artery

A

Supplies blood to the ankles and back of lower leg

115
Q

Pronator

A

Muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward

116
Q

Protoplasm

A

Colorless, jellylike substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates minerals salts and water are present

117
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood circulation moves from the heart to lungs to be purified then back to the heart again

118
Q

Radial artery

A

Artery that supplies blood blood to the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand, supplies the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrists, elbows and forearms

119
Q

Radial nerve

A

With its branches supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand

120
Q

Radius

A

Smaller bone in the lower arm on same side as the thumb

121
Q

Red blood cell

A

Blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transports carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs

122
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord, they are automatic

123
Q

Respiration

A

Act of breathing, exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell

124
Q

Respiratory system

A

Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages, enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide as a waste product

125
Q

Saphenous nerve

A

Supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot

126
Q

Sensory nerve

A

Also known as afferent nerve a nerve that carries impulses or messages from sense organs to the brain where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, small, pain and pressure are experienced

127
Q

Serrated anterior

A

A muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm

128
Q

Skeletal system

A

The physical foundation of the body, comprising 206 bones that vary in size and shape that are connected by moveable and immovable joints

129
Q

Soleus

A

Muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down

130
Q

Spinal cord

A

Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column

131
Q

Striated muscle

A

Also known as skeletal muscle this is a muscle that is voluntarily or consciously controlled

132
Q

Superficial peroneal nerve

A

Extends down the leg supplying impulses to the muscles and skin of the leg as well as to the toes and skin on the top of the foot

133
Q

Supinator

A

Muscle of the forearm that rotates radius outward and palm upward

134
Q

Sural nerve

A

Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg

135
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Also known as general circulation circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart

136
Q

Talus

A

Ankle bone of the foot, one of the three bones along with the tibia and fibula that make up the ankle joint

137
Q

Tarsal

A

One of the 3 subdivisions of the foot comprising 7 bones the other two are the metatarsal and phalanges

138
Q

Thorax

A

The chest, the elastic bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs and other internal organs

139
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones

140
Q

Tibia

A

Larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee, bump on big toe side of the ankle

141
Q

Tibial nerve

A

A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee, it subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel and underside of the toes

142
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Muscle that covers the front of the shin, bends the foot upward and inward

143
Q

Tissue

A

Collection of similar cells that perform a specialized function

144
Q

Trapezius

A

Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm

145
Q

Tricep

A

Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

146
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Heart valve that prevents backflow between right atrium and right ventricle

147
Q

Ulna

A

Inner and larger bone of the forearm, it is attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger

148
Q

Ulnar artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand

149
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

With its branches the nerve that affects the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand

150
Q

Valve

A

A structure that temporarily closes a passage or permits blood flow in one direction only

151
Q

Vein

A

A thin walled blood vessel that is less elastic than an artery, contains cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carries blood containing waste products from the capillaries back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen

152
Q

Ventricle

A

One of the two lower chambers of the heart

153
Q

White blood cell

A

Also known as a leukocyte a blood cell that performs the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms

Milady Nails/Foundations (4 decks)

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