Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Abductor
A muscle that separates the fingers and toes
Abductor digiti minimi
A muscle of the foot that separates the toes
Abductor hallucis
Muscle of the foot that moves the big toe and helps maintain balance while walking or standing
Adductor
Muscle at the base of each finger that draws fingers together
Adenosine triphosphate
Chemical energy used for metabolism
Adipose tissue
Fat; gives smoothness and contour to the body
Adrenal glands
Glands that control metabolic processes of the body, including fight or flight response
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism , combining smaller molecules to build larger and more complex molecules
Anatomy
Study of human body structures, as well as what the body is made up of, science of structure of organisms or of their parts
Anterior tibial artery
Supplies blood to lower leg muscles and to muscles and skin on the top of the foot and sides of first and second toes, goes to the foot and becomes dorsalis pedis artery
Aorta
Largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries throughout the body
Artery
Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from heart to capillaries
Atrium
One of the two upper chambers of the heart, through which blood is pumped to the ventricles
Autonomic Nervous System
Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscles and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart
Bicep
Muscle producing contour of the front and inner side of upper arm, it lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow
Blood
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system(heart, veins, arteries and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
Blood vascular system
Group of structures ( heart, arteries, veins, capillaries) that distribute blood throughout the body
Body system
11 major systems, group of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions
Brain
Part of central nervous system contained in cranium, largest and most complex nerve tissue, controls sensation, muscles, gland activity and the power to think and feel emotions
Capillary
Tiny thin walled blood vessel that connects the smaller arteries to the veins
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle that is the heart, only found in the heart
Carpus
The wrist, a flexible joint composed of a group of 8 small irregular bones held together by ligaments
Catabolism
Phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules are broken down to create simpler molecules
Cell membrane
Cell part that encloses and holds the protoplasm while still allowing soluble substances (nutrients or waste by products) to enter or leave the cell
Cell
Basic unit of all living things from bacterial to plants and animals and including human beings, a minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life
Central nervous system
Consists of the brain, spinal cord spinal nerves and cranial nerves
Circulatory system
Also known as the cardiovascular or vascular system, system that controls the steady circulation of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
Common peroneal nerve
Division of the sciatic nerve that extends behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches
Connective tissue
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body ( ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and fat)
Cytoplasm
The part of the protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus and inside the cell wall, the protoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is needed for growth, reproduction and self-repair
Deep peroneal nerve
Also known as the anterior tibial nerve, extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles, supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of first and second toes
Deltoid
A large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint the allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
Dendrites
Treelike branches of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell , short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons
DNA
An acid that determines our genetic makeup
Diaphragm
The muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
Digestive enzyme
Chemical that changes certain types of foods into a form that can be used by the body
Digestive system
Mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and wastes,
Digital nerve
A nerve that with its branches supplies the fingers and toes
Dorsal nerve
Nerve that extends up from the toes and foot just under the skin, supplying impulses to the toes and foot as well as the muscles and skin of the leg
Dorsalis pedis artery
Supplies the foot with blood
Endocrine glands
Organs such as thyroid or pituitary glands also known as ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine system
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body
Epithelial tissue
Protective covering on body surfaces such as the skin, mucous membranes, tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs and glands
Excretory system
Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs which purify the body by eliminating waste matter
Exhalation
The act of breathing outward, expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs
Exocrine glands
Also known as duct glands, organs that produce a substance that travel through small tubelike ducts such as the sweat and oil glands
Extensor
A muscle that straightens the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line
Extensor digitorum longus
A muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes
Femur
Heavy long bone that forms the leg above the knee
Fibula
Smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee, bump on little toe side of the ankle
Flexor
An extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist
Flexor digiti minimi
A muscle of the foot that moves the little toe
Flexor digitorum brevis
A muscle of the foot that moves the lesser toes and helps maintain balance
Gastrocnemius
Muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down
Gland
Specialized organ that removes certain constituents from the blood to convert them into new substances
Heart
Muscular cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
Hemoglobin
Coloring matter of the blood, iron containing protein that temporarily binds with oxygen
Histology
Also known as microscopic anatomy, the study of tiny structures found in tissues
Hormone
Secretion such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body to stimulate a specific activity
Humerus
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from elbow to shoulder
Inhalation
The breathing in of air
Insertion
The point of attachment in a muscle where movement occurs
Integumentary system
The skin and its accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors , hair and nails
Interstitial fluids
Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues
Joint
Connection between two or more bones in a skeleton
Latissimus dorsi
Large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back
Lungs
An organ of respiration spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in one breathing cycle
Lymph
Clear fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body, carries waste and impurities away from the cells
Lymph capillaries
Blind end tubes that are the origin of lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Special structure found inside lymphatic vessels that filter lymph
Lymph vascular system
Acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph spaces, lymphatics (vessels), lymph nodes, and other structures
Lymphatics/immune system
Body system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. Protects body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing microorganisms as well as draining the tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids to the blood, carries waste and impurities away from the cells
Median nerve
The nerve with its branches that supplies the arm and hand
Metablolism
Chemical process that takes place in living organisms through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activities
Metacarpus
Bones of the palm of the hand, parts of the hand containing 5 bones between the carpus and phalanges
Metatarsal
One of the three subdivisions of the foot comprising of five bones, which are long and slender, the other 2 are the tarsal and phalanges
Mitochondria
Organelles that take in nutrients, break them down and create energy for the cell
Mitosis
Reproduction process for human tissues in which the cell divides into two identical cells
Mitral valve
Also the bicuspid valve, valve that separates the 2 chambers on the left side of the heart, the valve permits blood to fall from the left atrium into the ventricle when the atrium contracts, when the atrium relaxes the valve closes to prevent blood from backing up into the atrium and from there into the lungs
Motor nerve
Also known as the efferent nerve, a nerve that carries impulses from the brain to the muscles
Muscular system
Body system that covers, shapes and supports the skeleton tissue, contracts and moves various parts of the body
Muscle tissue
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body
Myology
Study of the nature, structure, function and diseases of the muscles
Nerve
A whitish cord made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted
Nerve tissue
Tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all body functions
Nervous system
The body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, controls and coordinates all other systems inside and outside the body and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently
Neurology
The science of the structure, function and pathology of the nervous system
Neuron
A nerve cell primary structural unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body, nucleus, dendrites and axon
Nonstriated muscle
Also known as smooth muscle, is involuntary and functions automatically without conscious will, found in internal organs such as digestive or respiratory systems
Nucleoplasm
A fluid found within the nucleus of the cell that contains protein and dna
Nucleus
The dense active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism
Onycholysis
A medical condition caused by physical separation of nail plate from nail bed
Organ
In plants and animals a structure composed of specialized tissues that allow it to perform specific funtions
Organelle
Small organ
Origin
Part of the muscle that does not move, attached to the skeleton and usually part of a skeletal muscle
Osteoarthritis
A joint disease
Osteology
Study of anatomy, structure and function of bones
Pancreas
Organ that secretes enzyme producing cells responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Parathyroid gland
Regulates blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly
Patella
Also known as the accessory bone, forms the knee cap joint
Pectoralis major
Muscles of the chest that assist swinging movements of the arm
Pectoralis minor
Muscles of the chest that assist swinging movements of the arm
Pericardium
A double layered membranous sac enclosing the heart
Peripheral nervous system
System of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system, it has both sensory and motor nerves
Peroneus brevis
Muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula bends the foot down and out
Peroneus longus
Muscle that covers the the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward
Phalange
Also known as a digit, bone of the fingers or toes
Physiology
Study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures
Pineal gland
A gland of the endocrine system that plays a major role in sexual development, sleep and metabolism
Pituitary gland
A gland of the endocrine system that affects almost every physiologic process of the body, growth, blood pressure, contractions, breast milk, sex organ functions, thyroid and conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
Plasma
Fluid part of the blood that carries food and other useful substances to the cells
Platelet
Blood cell that aids in the forming of clots
Popliteal artery
Divides into two separate arteries known as anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries, anterior goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the foot with blood, posterior tibial supplies blood to the ankles and back of lower leg
Posterior tibial artery
Supplies blood to the ankles and back of lower leg
Pronator
Muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward
Protoplasm
Colorless, jellylike substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates minerals salts and water are present
Pulmonary circulation
Blood circulation moves from the heart to lungs to be purified then back to the heart again
Radial artery
Artery that supplies blood blood to the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand, supplies the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrists, elbows and forearms
Radial nerve
With its branches supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand
Radius
Smaller bone in the lower arm on same side as the thumb
Red blood cell
Blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transports carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
Reflex
Automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord, they are automatic
Respiration
Act of breathing, exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell
Respiratory system
Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages, enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide as a waste product
Saphenous nerve
Supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot
Sensory nerve
Also known as afferent nerve a nerve that carries impulses or messages from sense organs to the brain where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, small, pain and pressure are experienced
Serrated anterior
A muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm
Skeletal system
The physical foundation of the body, comprising 206 bones that vary in size and shape that are connected by moveable and immovable joints
Soleus
Muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down
Spinal cord
Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column
Striated muscle
Also known as skeletal muscle this is a muscle that is voluntarily or consciously controlled
Superficial peroneal nerve
Extends down the leg supplying impulses to the muscles and skin of the leg as well as to the toes and skin on the top of the foot
Supinator
Muscle of the forearm that rotates radius outward and palm upward
Sural nerve
Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg
Systematic circulation
Also known as general circulation circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart
Talus
Ankle bone of the foot, one of the three bones along with the tibia and fibula that make up the ankle joint
Tarsal
One of the 3 subdivisions of the foot comprising 7 bones the other two are the metatarsal and phalanges
Thorax
The chest, the elastic bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs and other internal organs
Thyroid gland
Controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
Tibia
Larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee, bump on big toe side of the ankle
Tibial nerve
A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee, it subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel and underside of the toes
Tibialis anterior
Muscle that covers the front of the shin, bends the foot upward and inward
Tissue
Collection of similar cells that perform a specialized function
Trapezius
Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm
Tricep
Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
Tricuspid valve
Heart valve that prevents backflow between right atrium and right ventricle
Ulna
Inner and larger bone of the forearm, it is attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger
Ulnar artery
Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
Ulnar nerve
With its branches the nerve that affects the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand
Valve
A structure that temporarily closes a passage or permits blood flow in one direction only
Vein
A thin walled blood vessel that is less elastic than an artery, contains cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carries blood containing waste products from the capillaries back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen
Ventricle
One of the two lower chambers of the heart
White blood cell
Also known as a leukocyte a blood cell that performs the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
