Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Abductor
A
A muscle that separates the fingers and toes
2
Q
Abductor digiti minimi
A
A muscle of the foot that separates the toes
3
Q
Abductor hallucis
A
Muscle of the foot that moves the big toe and helps maintain balance while walking or standing
4
Q
Adductor
A
Muscle at the base of each finger that draws fingers together
5
Q
Adenosine triphosphate
A
Chemical energy used for metabolism
6
Q
Adipose tissue
A
Fat; gives smoothness and contour to the body
7
Q
Adrenal glands
A
Glands that control metabolic processes of the body, including fight or flight response
8
Q
Anabolism
A
Constructive metabolism , combining smaller molecules to build larger and more complex molecules
9
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of human body structures, as well as what the body is made up of, science of structure of organisms or of their parts
10
Q
Anterior tibial artery
A
Supplies blood to lower leg muscles and to muscles and skin on the top of the foot and sides of first and second toes, goes to the foot and becomes dorsalis pedis artery
11
Q
Aorta
A
Largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries throughout the body
12
Q
Artery
A
Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from heart to capillaries
13
Q
Atrium
A
One of the two upper chambers of the heart, through which blood is pumped to the ventricles
14
Q
Autonomic Nervous System
A
Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscles and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart
15
Q
Bicep
A
Muscle producing contour of the front and inner side of upper arm, it lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow
16
Q
Blood
A
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system(heart, veins, arteries and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
17
Q
Blood vascular system
A
Group of structures ( heart, arteries, veins, capillaries) that distribute blood throughout the body
18
Q
Body system
A
11 major systems, group of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions
19
Q
Brain
A
Part of central nervous system contained in cranium, largest and most complex nerve tissue, controls sensation, muscles, gland activity and the power to think and feel emotions
20
Q
Capillary
A
Tiny thin walled blood vessel that connects the smaller arteries to the veins
21
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
Involuntary muscle that is the heart, only found in the heart
22
Q
Carpus
A
The wrist, a flexible joint composed of a group of 8 small irregular bones held together by ligaments
23
Q
Catabolism
A
Phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules are broken down to create simpler molecules
24
Q
Cell membrane
A
Cell part that encloses and holds the protoplasm while still allowing soluble substances (nutrients or waste by products) to enter or leave the cell
25
Cell
Basic unit of all living things from bacterial to plants and animals and including human beings, a minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life
26
Central nervous system
Consists of the brain, spinal cord spinal nerves and cranial nerves
27
Circulatory system
Also known as the cardiovascular or vascular system, system that controls the steady circulation of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
28
Common peroneal nerve
Division of the sciatic nerve that extends behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches
29
Connective tissue
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body ( ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and fat)
30
Cytoplasm
The part of the protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus and inside the cell wall, the protoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is needed for growth, reproduction and self-repair
31
Deep peroneal nerve
Also known as the anterior tibial nerve, extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles, supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of first and second toes
32
Deltoid
A large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint the allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
33
Dendrites
Treelike branches of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell , short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons
34
DNA
An acid that determines our genetic makeup
35
Diaphragm
The muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
36
Digestive enzyme
Chemical that changes certain types of foods into a form that can be used by the body
37
Digestive system
Mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and wastes,
38
Digital nerve
A nerve that with its branches supplies the fingers and toes
39
Dorsal nerve
Nerve that extends up from the toes and foot just under the skin, supplying impulses to the toes and foot as well as the muscles and skin of the leg
40
Dorsalis pedis artery
Supplies the foot with blood
41
Endocrine glands
Organs such as thyroid or pituitary glands also known as ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream
42
Endocrine system
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body
43
Epithelial tissue
Protective covering on body surfaces such as the skin, mucous membranes, tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs and glands
44
Excretory system
Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs which purify the body by eliminating waste matter
45
Exhalation
The act of breathing outward, expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs
46
Exocrine glands
Also known as duct glands, organs that produce a substance that travel through small tubelike ducts such as the sweat and oil glands
47
Extensor
A muscle that straightens the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line
48
Extensor digitorum longus
A muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes
49
Femur
Heavy long bone that forms the leg above the knee
50
Fibula
Smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee, bump on little toe side of the ankle
51
Flexor
An extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist
52
Flexor digiti minimi
A muscle of the foot that moves the little toe
53
Flexor digitorum brevis
A muscle of the foot that moves the lesser toes and helps maintain balance
54
Gastrocnemius
Muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down
55
Gland
Specialized organ that removes certain constituents from the blood to convert them into new substances
56
Heart
Muscular cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
57
Hemoglobin
Coloring matter of the blood, iron containing protein that temporarily binds with oxygen
58
Histology
Also known as microscopic anatomy, the study of tiny structures found in tissues
59
Hormone
Secretion such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body to stimulate a specific activity
60
Humerus
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from elbow to shoulder
61
Inhalation
The breathing in of air
62
Insertion
The point of attachment in a muscle where movement occurs
63
Integumentary system
The skin and its accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors , hair and nails
64
Interstitial fluids
Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues
65
Joint
Connection between two or more bones in a skeleton
66
Latissimus dorsi
Large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back
67
Lungs
An organ of respiration spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in one breathing cycle
68
Lymph
Clear fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body, carries waste and impurities away from the cells
69
Lymph capillaries
Blind end tubes that are the origin of lymphatic vessels
70
Lymph nodes
Special structure found inside lymphatic vessels that filter lymph
71
Lymph vascular system
Acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph spaces, lymphatics (vessels), lymph nodes, and other structures
72
Lymphatics/immune system
Body system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. Protects body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing microorganisms as well as draining the tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids to the blood, carries waste and impurities away from the cells
73
Median nerve
The nerve with its branches that supplies the arm and hand
74
Metablolism
Chemical process that takes place in living organisms through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activities
75
Metacarpus
Bones of the palm of the hand, parts of the hand containing 5 bones between the carpus and phalanges
76
Metatarsal
One of the three subdivisions of the foot comprising of five bones, which are long and slender, the other 2 are the tarsal and phalanges
77
Mitochondria
Organelles that take in nutrients, break them down and create energy for the cell
78
Mitosis
Reproduction process for human tissues in which the cell divides into two identical cells
79
Mitral valve
Also the bicuspid valve, valve that separates the 2 chambers on the left side of the heart, the valve permits blood to fall from the left atrium into the ventricle when the atrium contracts, when the atrium relaxes the valve closes to prevent blood from backing up into the atrium and from there into the lungs
80
Motor nerve
Also known as the efferent nerve, a nerve that carries impulses from the brain to the muscles
81
Muscular system
Body system that covers, shapes and supports the skeleton tissue, contracts and moves various parts of the body
82
Muscle tissue
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body
83
Myology
Study of the nature, structure, function and diseases of the muscles
84
Nerve
A whitish cord made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted
85
Nerve tissue
Tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all body functions
86
Nervous system
The body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, controls and coordinates all other systems inside and outside the body and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently
87
Neurology
The science of the structure, function and pathology of the nervous system
88
Neuron
A nerve cell primary structural unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body, nucleus, dendrites and axon
89
Nonstriated muscle
Also known as smooth muscle, is involuntary and functions automatically without conscious will, found in internal organs such as digestive or respiratory systems
90
Nucleoplasm
A fluid found within the nucleus of the cell that contains protein and dna
91
Nucleus
The dense active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism
92
Onycholysis
A medical condition caused by physical separation of nail plate from nail bed
93
Organ
In plants and animals a structure composed of specialized tissues that allow it to perform specific funtions
94
Organelle
Small organ
95
Origin
Part of the muscle that does not move, attached to the skeleton and usually part of a skeletal muscle
96
Osteoarthritis
A joint disease
97
Osteology
Study of anatomy, structure and function of bones
98
Pancreas
Organ that secretes enzyme producing cells responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats
99
Parathyroid gland
Regulates blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly
100
Patella
Also known as the accessory bone, forms the knee cap joint
101
Pectoralis major
Muscles of the chest that assist swinging movements of the arm
102
Pectoralis minor
Muscles of the chest that assist swinging movements of the arm
103
Pericardium
A double layered membranous sac enclosing the heart
104
Peripheral nervous system
System of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system, it has both sensory and motor nerves
105
Peroneus brevis
Muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula bends the foot down and out
106
Peroneus longus
Muscle that covers the the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward
107
Phalange
Also known as a digit, bone of the fingers or toes
108
Physiology
Study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures
109
Pineal gland
A gland of the endocrine system that plays a major role in sexual development, sleep and metabolism
110
Pituitary gland
A gland of the endocrine system that affects almost every physiologic process of the body, growth, blood pressure, contractions, breast milk, sex organ functions, thyroid and conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
111
Plasma
Fluid part of the blood that carries food and other useful substances to the cells
112
Platelet
Blood cell that aids in the forming of clots
113
Popliteal artery
Divides into two separate arteries known as anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries, anterior goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis which supplies the foot with blood, posterior tibial supplies blood to the ankles and back of lower leg
114
Posterior tibial artery
Supplies blood to the ankles and back of lower leg
115
Pronator
Muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward
116
Protoplasm
Colorless, jellylike substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates minerals salts and water are present
117
Pulmonary circulation
Blood circulation moves from the heart to lungs to be purified then back to the heart again
118
Radial artery
Artery that supplies blood blood to the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand, supplies the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrists, elbows and forearms
119
Radial nerve
With its branches supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand
120
Radius
Smaller bone in the lower arm on same side as the thumb
121
Red blood cell
Blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transports carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
122
Reflex
Automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord, they are automatic
123
Respiration
Act of breathing, exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell
124
Respiratory system
Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages, enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide as a waste product
125
Saphenous nerve
Supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot
126
Sensory nerve
Also known as afferent nerve a nerve that carries impulses or messages from sense organs to the brain where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, small, pain and pressure are experienced
127
Serrated anterior
A muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm
128
Skeletal system
The physical foundation of the body, comprising 206 bones that vary in size and shape that are connected by moveable and immovable joints
129
Soleus
Muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down
130
Spinal cord
Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column
131
Striated muscle
Also known as skeletal muscle this is a muscle that is voluntarily or consciously controlled
132
Superficial peroneal nerve
Extends down the leg supplying impulses to the muscles and skin of the leg as well as to the toes and skin on the top of the foot
133
Supinator
Muscle of the forearm that rotates radius outward and palm upward
134
Sural nerve
Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg
135
Systematic circulation
Also known as general circulation circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart
136
Talus
Ankle bone of the foot, one of the three bones along with the tibia and fibula that make up the ankle joint
137
Tarsal
One of the 3 subdivisions of the foot comprising 7 bones the other two are the metatarsal and phalanges
138
Thorax
The chest, the elastic bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs and other internal organs
139
Thyroid gland
Controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
140
Tibia
Larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee, bump on big toe side of the ankle
141
Tibial nerve
A division of the sciatic nerve that passes behind the knee, it subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel and underside of the toes
142
Tibialis anterior
Muscle that covers the front of the shin, bends the foot upward and inward
143
Tissue
Collection of similar cells that perform a specialized function
144
Trapezius
Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm
145
Tricep
Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
146
Tricuspid valve
Heart valve that prevents backflow between right atrium and right ventricle
147
Ulna
Inner and larger bone of the forearm, it is attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger
148
Ulnar artery
Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
149
Ulnar nerve
With its branches the nerve that affects the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand
150
Valve
A structure that temporarily closes a passage or permits blood flow in one direction only
151
Vein
A thin walled blood vessel that is less elastic than an artery, contains cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carries blood containing waste products from the capillaries back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen
152
Ventricle
One of the two lower chambers of the heart
153
White blood cell
Also known as a leukocyte a blood cell that performs the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
