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Neuro > Anatomy & physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperkalemia leads to?

A

Hyperexcitability

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2
Q

Hypokalemia leads to?

A

Hyperpolarisation & hypoexcitability

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3
Q

Main components of the limbic structire

A

Hippocampus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Frontal lobe
Amygdala

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4
Q

Functions of the cortex

A
  1. Sensation & perception
  2. Voluntary movement
  3. Personality traits
  4. Learning & memory
  5. Language
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5
Q

Area controlling for personality trait

A

Frontal lobe

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6
Q

Area controlling for language

A

Wernicke’s area (comprehension)
Broca’s area (expression)

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7
Q

Areas controlling for emotions & mood

A

Prefrontal cortex (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex)
Amygdala

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8
Q

Function of subcortical regions

A

Cognition (learning & memory)
Emotions & mood

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9
Q

Area controlling for declarative memory

A

Hippocampus

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10
Q

Area controlling for emotional memory

A

Amygdala

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11
Q

Total volume of CSF

A

150 mL
25 mL in ventricles & central canal

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12
Q

Formation of CSF

A

500 mL per day
By ependymal cells in the choroid plexus & in the interstitial spaces

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13
Q

Resabsorption of CSF

A

Subarachnoid granulation & dural sinus

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14
Q

Movement of CSF

A

Subarachnoid space, ventricles, central canal

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15
Q

Transmission of touch signals

A

Dorsal column pathway

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16
Q

Transmission of noxious signals

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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17
Q

Theories of somatosensory processing

A
  1. Generation of AP
  2. Somatosensory homunculus (location)
  3. Labelled line (type/quality)
  4. Population & frequency codes (intensity)
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18
Q

Area of brain activated by context for pain modulation

A

Periaqueductal grey in midbrain

19
Q

Pain modulation mechanisms

A
  1. Segmental modulation
  2. Descending modulation
20
Q

Types of movement

A
  1. Reflex
  2. Rhythmic motor patterns
  3. Voluntary
21
Q

Hierarchical steps for motor control

A
  1. Cortex (voluntary movement)
  2. Brainstem (reflex, rhythmic patterns)
  3. Spinal cord (motor neurons)
22
Q

Regions of the basal ganglia

A

Input:
- Caudate
- Putamen

Output:
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra

23
Q

Stages of voluntary motor movement

A
  1. Spatial awareness (somatosensory, proprioceptive, visual signals to the posterior parietal cortex)
  2. Know where to go (anterior prefrontal cortex: decision making, anticipation)
  3. Selecting a plan and holding the plan in memory (premotor cortex, works with cerebellum & basal ganglia)
  4. Carry out movement (primary motor cortex, works with cerebellum & basal ganglia)
24
Q

Three sections of the brain

A

Forebrain (cerebrum, diencephalon)
Midbrain
Hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum)

25
Q

Number of nerves in PNS

A

12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves

26
Q

Location of hypothalamus & thalamus

A

Third ventricle

27
Q

Cranial nerves associated with midbrain

A

Cranial neves III, IV, (V)
Associated with visual & auditory pathways

28
Q

Cranial nerves associated with pons

A

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

29
Q

Cranial nerves associated with medulla

A

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII, (V)
Associated with respiratory & CV functions

30
Q

Spinal cord originate and terminate in?

A
  • Foramen magnum
  • Conus medullaris
31
Q

Axons lack which organelles?

A

Ribosomes, ER, golgi

32
Q

Types of glial cells in CNS

A

Fibrous astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial cells

33
Q

Types of glial cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

34
Q

Vertebral arteries supply

A

Spinal cord
Medulla
Cerebellum

35
Q

Basilar artery supplies

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Inner ear

36
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries supply

A

Midbrain
Medial aspect of occipital lobe
Base of occipital & temporal lobes

37
Q

Anterior cerebral arteries supply

A

Medial aspect of all lobes except the occipital lobe

38
Q

Middle cerebral arteries supply

A

Lateral aspect of all lobes

39
Q

Circle of willis

A

Anterior communicating artery (L & R anterior cerebral arteries)
Posterior communicating artery (middle & posterior cerebral arteries)

40
Q

Venous drainage of superficial parts of the superior aspect of the brain

A

Superior sagittal sinus

41
Q

Venous drainage of superficial parts of the inferior aspect of the brain

A

Transverse sinus
Superficial middle cerebral vein (then to cavernous sinus)

42
Q

Cranial nerves associated with cavernous sinus

A

III, IV, V, VI

43
Q

Drainage of deep cerebral veins

A

Straight sinus to transverse sinus to sigmoid sinus to internal jugular vein

44
Q

Areas for subdural hematoma

A

Drainage site for superficial cerebral veins to superior sagittal sinus

Neuro (5 decks)

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