Anatomy & physiology

Question 1

Hyperkalemia leads to?

Answer 1

Hyperexcitability

Question 2

Hypokalemia leads to?

Answer 2

Hyperpolarisation & hypoexcitability

Question 3

Main components of the limbic structire

Answer 3

Hippocampus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Frontal lobe
Amygdala

Question 4

Functions of the cortex

Answer 4

1. Sensation & perception
2. Voluntary movement
3. Personality traits
4. Learning & memory
5. Language

Question 5

Area controlling for personality trait

Answer 5

Frontal lobe

Question 6

Area controlling for language

Answer 6

Wernicke’s area (comprehension)
Broca’s area (expression)

Question 7

Areas controlling for emotions & mood

Answer 7

Prefrontal cortex (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex)
Amygdala

Question 8

Function of subcortical regions

Answer 8

Cognition (learning & memory)
Emotions & mood

Question 9

Area controlling for declarative memory

Answer 9

Hippocampus

Question 10

Area controlling for emotional memory

Answer 10

Amygdala

Question 11

Total volume of CSF

Answer 11

150 mL
25 mL in ventricles & central canal

Question 12

Formation of CSF

Answer 12

500 mL per day
By ependymal cells in the choroid plexus & in the interstitial spaces

Question 13

Resabsorption of CSF

Answer 13

Subarachnoid granulation & dural sinus

Question 14

Movement of CSF

Answer 14

Subarachnoid space, ventricles, central canal

Question 15

Transmission of touch signals

Answer 15

Dorsal column pathway

Question 16

Transmission of noxious signals

Answer 16

Spinothalamic pathway

Question 17

Theories of somatosensory processing

Answer 17

1. Generation of AP
2. Somatosensory homunculus (location)
3. Labelled line (type/quality)
4. Population & frequency codes (intensity)

Question 18

Area of brain activated by context for pain modulation

Answer 18

Periaqueductal grey in midbrain

Question 19

Pain modulation mechanisms

Answer 19

1. Segmental modulation
2. Descending modulation

Question 20

Types of movement

Answer 20

1. Reflex
2. Rhythmic motor patterns
3. Voluntary

Question 21

Hierarchical steps for motor control

Answer 21

1. Cortex (voluntary movement)
2. Brainstem (reflex, rhythmic patterns)
3. Spinal cord (motor neurons)

Question 22

Regions of the basal ganglia

Answer 22

Input:
- Caudate
- Putamen

Output:
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra

Question 23

Stages of voluntary motor movement

Answer 23

1. Spatial awareness (somatosensory, proprioceptive, visual signals to the posterior parietal cortex)
2. Know where to go (anterior prefrontal cortex: decision making, anticipation)
3. Selecting a plan and holding the plan in memory (premotor cortex, works with cerebellum & basal ganglia)
4. Carry out movement (primary motor cortex, works with cerebellum & basal ganglia)

Question 24

Three sections of the brain

Answer 24

Forebrain (cerebrum, diencephalon)
Midbrain
Hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum)

Question 25

Number of nerves in PNS

Answer 25

12 cranial nerves 31 spinal nerves

Question 26

Location of hypothalamus & thalamus

Answer 26

Third ventricle

Question 27

Cranial nerves associated with midbrain

Answer 27

Cranial neves III, IV, (V) Associated with visual & auditory pathways

Question 28

Cranial nerves associated with pons

Answer 28

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

Question 29

Cranial nerves associated with medulla

Answer 29

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII, (V) Associated with respiratory & CV functions

Question 30

Spinal cord originate and terminate in?

Answer 30

- Foramen magnum - Conus medullaris

Question 31

Axons lack which organelles?

Answer 31

Ribosomes, ER, golgi

Question 32

Types of glial cells in CNS

Answer 32

Fibrous astrocytes Protoplasmic astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglial cells

Question 33

Types of glial cells in PNS

Answer 33

Schwann cells Satellite cells

Question 34

Vertebral arteries supply

Answer 34

Spinal cord Medulla Cerebellum

Question 35

Basilar artery supplies

Answer 35

Pons Cerebellum Inner ear

Question 36

Posterior cerebral arteries supply

Answer 36

Midbrain Medial aspect of occipital lobe Base of occipital & temporal lobes

Question 37

Anterior cerebral arteries supply

Answer 37

Medial aspect of all lobes except the occipital lobe

Question 38

Middle cerebral arteries supply

Answer 38

Lateral aspect of all lobes

Question 39

Circle of willis

Answer 39

Anterior communicating artery (L & R anterior cerebral arteries) Posterior communicating artery (middle & posterior cerebral arteries)

Question 40

Venous drainage of superficial parts of the superior aspect of the brain

Answer 40

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 41

Venous drainage of superficial parts of the inferior aspect of the brain

Answer 41

Transverse sinus Superficial middle cerebral vein (then to cavernous sinus)

Question 42

Cranial nerves associated with cavernous sinus

Answer 42

III, IV, V, VI

Question 43

Drainage of deep cerebral veins

Answer 43

Straight sinus to transverse sinus to sigmoid sinus to internal jugular vein

Question 44

Areas for subdural hematoma

Answer 44

Drainage site for superficial cerebral veins to superior sagittal sinus