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Massage Therapy > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

During _____, complex molecules are broken down and energy is released.

A

Catabolism

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2
Q

During _____, a chemical reaction occurs that uses energy to join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules such as carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

Anabolism

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3
Q

When attempting to palpate a muscle, the therapist should move their fingers in what direction?

A

Perpendicular to the muscle fiber

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4
Q

What body system is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients?

A

Circulatory

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5
Q

What chemical is produced by cell metabolism that is considered waste?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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6
Q

The heart, blood vessels, and blood are the three main components of what system?

A

Circulatory

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7
Q

What part of the body carries blood rich in oxygen and nutrients away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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8
Q

Which hold a higher pressure? Arteries or Veins

A

Arteries

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9
Q

What carries blood between arterioles and venules?

A

Capillaries

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10
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart?

A

Veins

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11
Q

What is the name of the main artery closest to the heart?

A

Aorta

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12
Q

What artery supplies blood to the head via the aorta?

A

Carotid artery

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13
Q

What artery supplies blood to the lower abdomen and legs from the descending aorta?

A

Iliac arter

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14
Q

What artery supplies blood from the iliac to the back of the knees?

A

Femoral artery

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15
Q

What artery supplies blood to the back of the knees?

A

Popliteal artery

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16
Q

What artery supplies the lower legs with blood?

A

Tibial artery

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17
Q

What artery branches sideways at the collar bone to supply the upper extremities with blood?

A

Subclavian artery

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18
Q

What is the name of the process when the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps to lungs at a low pressure?

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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19
Q

What is the name of the process when oxygen-replenished blood returns to the left side of the heart from the body at a higher pressure?

A

Systemic Circulation

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20
Q

What is the contraction of the heart called?

A

Systole

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21
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart called?

A

Diastole

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22
Q

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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23
Q

What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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24
Q

What is the name of the valve that controls blood flow through the left atrium & ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

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25
Q

What is the name of the valve that controls blood flow through the right atrium & ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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26
Q

What part of the circulatory system consists of the composition of 92% H2O, and 8% glucose, minerals, enzymes, hormones, waste & antibodies?

A

Plasma

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27
Q

What part of the circulatory systems consists of the composition of 54% plasma, 1% leucocytes & platelets, and 45% erythrocytes?

A

Blood

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28
Q

What is the name of red blood cells that carry oxygen?

A

Erythrocytes

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29
Q

What is the name of the blood cells that is most numerous?

A

Erythrocytes

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30
Q

What is the name of the blood cell that is to fight infections, trigger allergic reactions, and destroy foreign bodies?

A

Leucocytes

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31
Q

What is the name of the smallest kind of blood cell that is involved in blood clotting?

A

Thrombocytes

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32
Q

What is the unit blood pressure is measured in?

A

MMHG (millimeters of mercury)

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33
Q

What is the top number of blood pressure measuring?

A

Systolic blood pressure. Peak pressure by contracting ventricles.

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34
Q

What is the bottom number of blood pressure measuring?

A

Diastolic blood pressure. Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed.

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35
Q

Where is the temporal artery pulse point?

A

between ear & cheek bones

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36
Q

What pulse point is located under the jaw between the trachea and SCM?

A

Carotid artery

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37
Q

What pulse point is located at the top of the forearm on the anterior side?

A

Brachial artery

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38
Q

What pulse point is located below the thumb along the radial bone?

A

Radial

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39
Q

What nutrient is the most adaptable and readiest form of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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40
Q

What hormone regulates the hunger-appetite stimulant?

A

Ghrelin

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41
Q

What is the set of tissues called located in the abdominal cavity that holds the intestines in place?

A

Mesenteries

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42
Q

What is the fat-derived tissue that supports surrounding gastrointestinal organs called?

A

Omentum

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43
Q

The largest serous membrane that lines the digestive tract is called…

A

Peritoneum

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44
Q

What type of adipose tissue stores energy & secretes hormones?

A

White

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45
Q

What type of adipose tissue produces heat and regulates glucose and lipid metabolism?

A

Brown

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46
Q

What type of adipose tissue consists of a thermoregulatory function in the extreme cold?

A

Beige

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47
Q

What is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle called?

A

Peristalsis

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48
Q

What organ produces digestive juices, and is responsible for the hormones insulin and glucagon?

A

Pancreas

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49
Q

What organ stores and concentrates bile?

A

Gallbladder

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50
Q

What body systems’ key functions are to regulate metabolic functions, regulate chemical reactions and regulate transportation of substances through cell membranes?

A

Endocrine System

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51
Q

What kind of glands are ductless and secrete hormones into bloodstream or diffuse them in tissues?

A

Endocrine glands

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52
Q

What kind of glands with ducts secrete products into ducts that open to specific areas?

A

Exocrine glands

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53
Q

What organ is responsible for most functions of the soul as well as maintaining homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

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54
Q

What gland controls other glands with influence of the hypothalamus involving tropic hormones?

A

Pituitary gland

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55
Q

What is it called when a series of glands signal each other in a sequence?

A

Axis

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56
Q

What hormone stimulates smooth muscle contraction, especially in the uterus?

A

oxytocin

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57
Q

What gland regulates metabolism by maintaining adequate amounts of oxygen at a cellular level?

A

Thyroid gland

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58
Q

What hormone lowers blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into cells for energy?

A

Insulin

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59
Q

What glands are responsible for the flight or fight response and regulates adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol?

A

Adrenal glands

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60
Q

What gland is responsible for regulating serotonin, dopamine, and histamine?

A

Pineal gland

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61
Q

What hormone can suppress pain in a manner similar to morphine?

A

Endorphins

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62
Q

What system’s main functions are to protect internal organs & structures from trauma, sun exposure, chemicals & water loss, prevents entry of bacteria and viruses, synthesizes vitamin D and detects stimuli through senses?

A

Integumentary

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63
Q

What is the most outer layer of the skin called?

A

Epidermis

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64
Q

What layer of skin does not contain nerves or blood vessels?

A

Epidermis

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65
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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66
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

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67
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

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68
Q

How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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69
Q

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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70
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

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71
Q

What kind of neurons do spinal nerves include?

A

Sensory and motor

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72
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart from the lungs.

A

Lungs > Pulmonary vein > Left atrium > Mitral valve > Left Ventricle > Aortic valve > Aorta > Body

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73
Q

Pathway of blood through heart from body.

A

Body > Vena Cava > Right Atrium > Tricuspid Valve > Right Ventricle > Pulmonic valve > Pulmonary arteries > Lungs

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74
Q

Where does blood go after the vena cava in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Right Atrium

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75
Q

Where does blood go after the mitral valve in the systemic circuit?

A

Left Ventricle

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76
Q

What vein does blood travel through after leaving the lungs to the heart in the systemic circuit?

A

Pulmonary vein

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77
Q

Where does blood go after leaving the pulmonic valve in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Pulmonary artieries

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78
Q

What are platelets?

A

Red blood cells

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79
Q

What is the large lymphatic vessel that receives lymph from the right side of the body below the chest region, as well as the entire left side called?

A

Thoracic Duct

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80
Q

What is the name of the lymphatic vessel that receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, upper chest and right arm?

A

Right Lymphatic Duct

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81
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty lymph fluid into?

A

Left Subclavian Vein

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82
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into?

A

Right Subclavian Vein

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83
Q

What is the name of the network of lymphatic vessels located on the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar Plexus

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84
Q

Are cranial nerves considered part of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system?

A

Peripheral

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85
Q

What nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord & meninges?

A

Central Nervous System

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86
Q

What are the name of the tissues that cover and support the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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87
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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88
Q

Arachnoid, Dura Mater & Pia Mater are known as what?

A

The three layers of the membrane covering and supporting the CNS, also known as meninges.

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89
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane forming the middle of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Arachnoid

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90
Q

What is the name of the tough, fibrous membrane forming the outermost of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dura Mater

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91
Q

What is the name of the delicate, fibrous, and highly vascular membrane forming the innermost of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Pia Mater

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92
Q

What is the order of layers of meninges membrane starting with the outermost layer?

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater

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93
Q

What is the name of the water-soluble vitamin that aids in the formation of hemoglobin and nucleic acids that is found in green vegetables, legumes, nuts, fruits and whole grains?

A

Folic Acid

94
Q

What fat-soluble vitamin supports mucous membrane health, skin, hair, bone development, and retinal health?

A

Vitamin A

95
Q

What fat-soluble vitamin aids in development of bones and teeth and assists in calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D

96
Q

What fat-soluble vitamin conserves fatty acids and protects cell membranes?

A

Vitamin E

97
Q

What fat-soluble vitamin plays an important role in blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

98
Q

What is the system called that is located in the inner ear, and is essential in determining and reporting the head’s position and direction of movement?

A

The vestibular system

99
Q

What is the name for the ligament that stabilizes the knee joint by attaching the superior surface of the anterior tibia to the inferior surface of the posterior femur?

A

ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)

100
Q

What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the knee joint by attaching the superior surface of the posterior tibia to the inferior surface of the anterior femur?

A

PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)

101
Q

What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the medial aspect of the knee by connecting the medial side of the femur to the medial side of the tibia?

A

MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament)

102
Q

What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the lateral aspect of the knee by connecting the lateral side of the femur to the lateral side of the fibula?

A

LCL (Lateral Collateral Ligament)

103
Q

True or False. Water is able to transport toxic substances to the pancreas within the body.

A

False

104
Q

True or False. Water dilutes toxic substances and transports them to the liver and kidneys within the body.

A

True

105
Q

True or False. Water provides a medium for bodily chemical reactions.

A

True

106
Q

True or False. Water regulates chemical distribution within cells as well as distributes heat around the body.

A

True

107
Q

What is the name of the process that occurs as the lungs absorb oxygen from the air outside the body (inhalation) and transports carbon dioxide cells back out into the environment (exhalation)?

A

External Respiration

108
Q

What is the name of the process where the respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body’s cells?

A

Internal Respiration

109
Q

What is the 1st pair of cranial nerves responsible for?

A

Olfactory (smell)

110
Q

What is the 2nd pair of cranial nerves responsible for?

A

Optic (vision)

111
Q

What does the 3rd, 4th and 6th pairs of cranial nerves assist with?

A

Oculomotor, Trochlear motor, and abducent motor. Muscles/movement of the eyes

112
Q

What does the 5th pair of cranial nerves do?

A

Trigeminal - muscles of mastication (face, sinuses, teeth)

113
Q

What is the main function of the 7th pair of cranial nerves?

A

Facial motor - muscles of the face

114
Q

What is the main function of the 8th pair of cranial nerves?

A

Vestibulochochlear sensory - inner ear

115
Q

What is the function of the 9th cranial nerve?

A

Glossophayngeal motor (posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx)

116
Q

What is the function of the 10th cranial nerve?

A

Vagus motor. Heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract

117
Q

What is the function of the 11th cranial nerve?

A

Accessory motor, SCM & trapezius muscles

118
Q

What is the function of the 12th cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal motor, muscles of the tongue

118
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for sense of smell?

A

1st (olfactory)

119
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for the internal organs?

A

10th (vagus)

120
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for the nerves and muscles of the inner ear?

A

8th (vestibulocohclear)

121
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

A

2nd (optic)

122
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for spinal accessory motor function, like the SCM and trapezius muscle?

A

11th

123
Q

What cranial nerves are responsible for the muscles and movement of the eye?

A

3rd, 4th, and 6th (Oculomotor, Trochlear motor, and abducent)

124
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for facial expressions?

A

7th (facial motor)

125
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for the muscles of the throat and taste?

A

9th (Glossophayngeal)

126
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for the movements of the tongue, and taste?

A

12th (Hypoglossal)

127
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for the senses of the face, sinuses, and jaw muscles?

A

5th (Trigeminal)

128
Q

What system consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and smell centers?

A

Limbis System

129
Q

What part of the limbic system regulates homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

130
Q

What part of the limbic system relays information?

A

Thalamus

131
Q

What part of the limbic system is responsible for emotions?

A

Amygdala

132
Q

What part of the limbic system is responsible for memory conservation?

A

Hippocampus

133
Q

Which of the 5 senses can be broken into two categories?

A

Touch - Vestibular & Proprioceptive

134
Q

What sense creates awareness of oneself and one’s position in the environment?

A

Vestibular sense

135
Q

What sense is the ability to feel, understand, and visualize the body and plan body movements?

A

Proprioception

136
Q

What endocrine organ release the hormone known as parathormone?

A

Parathyroid

137
Q

What hormone combines with vitamin D to regulate calcium levels throughout the body?

A

Parathormone

138
Q

What hormone is responsible for inhibiting the urge to urinate?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) also called vasopressin

139
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

140
Q

What endocrine organ is responsible for releasing ADH?

A

Pituitary gland

141
Q

What hormone stimulates feelings of love and belonging as well as lactation?

A

Oxytocin

142
Q

What is the term dorsal referencing?

A

The back

143
Q

What is the term cephalic referencing?

A

The head

144
Q

What is osseous tissue?

A

Bone tissue

145
Q

What kind of bone tissue is hard and dense? It makes up the main shaft of a long bone & the outer layer of other bones.

A

Compact bone

146
Q

What kind of bone tissue is made up of a meshwork of small bony plates, and is filled w/ red marrow? It is found in epiphysis of long bones & center of other bones.

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone

147
Q

What type of marrow is found at the ends of long bones, and center of other bones, and manufactures blood cells?

A

Red marrow

148
Q

What type of marrow is found in the central cavities of long bones and is composed largely of fat?

A

Yellow marrow

149
Q

What is the name of the outermost membrane that covers bone?

A

Periosteum

150
Q

What is the name of the thinner membrane that lines the bone’s marrow cavity? It contains cells that aid in the growth and repair of bone tissue.

A

Endosteum

151
Q

What type of cells build bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts

152
Q

What type of cells break down bone tissue?

A

Osteoclasts

153
Q

What vitamin promotes calcium absorption from the intestine?

A

Vitamin D

154
Q

What hormone that is secreted by the thyroid gland lowers calcium levels in the blood?

A

Calcitonin

155
Q

What is the name of secondary bone forming centers that develop across the ends of long bones?

A

Ephipyseal plate

156
Q

What is the name of the bone projection that is rounded, knoblike, end separated from the rest of the bone by a neck?

A

head

157
Q

What is the name of the bone projection that is just a slender, long region?

A

neck

158
Q

What is the name of the bone projection that is large?

A

process

159
Q

What is the name of the bone projection that is rounded?

A

condyle

160
Q

What is the name of the bone projection that is usually located above a rounded projection but is smaller than the one below it?

A

epicondyle

161
Q

What is the name of the bone projection that is a distinct border or ridge?

A

crest

162
Q

What is the name of the bone projection that is a sharp projection from the surface of the bone?

A

spine

163
Q

What is the name of the bone depression that is a hole to allow a vessel or nerve to pass through?

A

foramen

164
Q

What is the name of the bone depression that is an air space, found in some skull bones?

A

sinus

165
Q

What is the name of the bone depression that is a depression on the surface of the bone?

A

fossa

166
Q

What is the name of the bone depression that is a short channel or passageway?

A

meatus

167
Q

What is the name of the lower jaw bone?

A

Mandible

168
Q

What is the name of the upper jaw bone?

A

Maxilla

169
Q

What is the name of the bones found in the medial corner of the eyes?

A

Lacrimal

170
Q

What is the inferior part of the nasal septum called?

A

vomer

171
Q

What is the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process a part of?

A

sternum

172
Q

What is the name of the bony process that joins the clavicle and scapula?

A

acromion

173
Q

What is the name of the bony projection on anterior surface of scapula that allows for muscle attachments?

A

coracoid process

174
Q

What is the name of the joint that provides movement of the scapula over the back side of the ribcage?

A

scapulothoracic joint

175
Q

What muscle elevates and retracts the mandible, allowing mastication?

A

Temporalis

176
Q

What muscle closes or clenches the jaw?

A

Masseter

177
Q

What muscle with 2 heads inserts behind the ear and is responsible for flexing the neck?

A

SCM

178
Q

What muscle is responsible for extending the neck and head, as well as moving and stabilizing the scapula?

A

Trapezius

179
Q

What muscle assists the shoulder in flexing, medially rotating, horizontally adducting, extending, laterally rotating, and horizontally abducting?

A

Deltoid

180
Q

What muscles flexes the elbow and shoulder and attaches to the scapula process and radius?

A

Biceps brachii

181
Q

What muscle attaches to the fibula & 1st metatarsal/medial cuneiform from the lateral side of the foot and is responsible for everting the foot?

A

Peroneus longus

182
Q

What muscle attaches to the tibia & 1st metatarsal/medial cuneiform from the medial side of the foot and is responsible for inverting the foot?

A

Tibialis Anterior

183
Q

What muscle attaches to the femur & heel, and flexes the knee as well as plantar flexes the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius

184
Q

What muscle attaches to the tibia & fibula & the heel and is responsible for plantar flexing the ankle, on the medial side?

A

Soleus

185
Q

What muscle of the rotator cuff attaches from the lateral border of scapula to humerus and helps with lateral rotation, adduction, and stabilization of the shoulder?

A

Teres Minor

186
Q

What muscle that is not part of the rotator cuff group attaches from the lateral border of scapula to the humerus and is responsible for extending, adducting and medially rotating the shoulder?

A

Teres Major

187
Q

What muscle that attaches to the humerus and lumbodorsal fascia is responsible for extending, adducting and medially rotating the shoulder?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

188
Q

What three-headed muscle attaches to the scapula/humerus & ulna and is responsible for extending the elbow and shoulder, as well as adducting shoulder?

A

Triceps Brachii

189
Q

What is the name of nerves that carry information from the body to the CNS?

A

Afferent

190
Q

What is the name of nerves that carry information to the body from the CNS?

A

Efferent

191
Q

Heavy percussion to the skin causes __, as a result of histamine release.

A

vasodilation

192
Q

What are the four major types of tissue?

A

Nervous, muscle, epithelial, and connective

193
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue covers and line the outer and inner body?

A

Proper

194
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue forms glands and secretes hormones and other substances?

A

Glandular

195
Q

True or False. Epithelial tissues are avascular and rely on connective tissue for blood supply.

A

True

196
Q

What hormone secreted from the thyroid controls the metabolism of cells?

A

Thyroxin

197
Q

What is the genetic disorder of connective tissue that substantially weakens it over time?

A

Marfan syndrome

198
Q

What type of tissue develops from mesenchymal cells, has different types of blood flow, and mostly composed of extracellular matrix?

A

connective

199
Q

What is the watery, rubber, unstructured material that fills in the space between cells?

A

Ground substance

200
Q

What is the strongest, most abundant fiber in the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen

201
Q

What are the name of the fibers made out of elastin that stretch and coil like rubber bands in the extracellular matrix?

A

Elastic fibers

202
Q

What is the name of the extracellular matrix fibers that form spongelike networks similar to collagen fibers but are shorter and finer?

A

Reticular

203
Q

What kind of connective tissue has fewer fibers, more cells and more ground substance?

A

Loose connective tissue

204
Q

What kind of loose connective tissue is mostly cells and insulates the body against heat loss?

A

Adipose loose connective tissue proper

205
Q

What tissue provides soft internal framework (stroma) of spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow as well as supports developing blood cells? It also holds the blood in place in many organs

A

Reticular loose connective tissue proper

206
Q

What is the tissue that connects your vertebrae allowing your spine to twist?

A

Elastic dense connective tissue proper

207
Q

What is the name of the small cell fragments needed for blood clotting?

A

Platelets

208
Q

What system synthesizes vitamin D and maintains your balance of fluids but is primarily used to act as a protective barrier for your body?

A

Integumentary System

209
Q

Where can you find keratinocytes?

A

Hair, skin and nails

210
Q

What kind of cells originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis and help with immune function by fighting foreign substances?

A

Langerhans cells

211
Q

What kind of cells combine with nerve endings to create a sensory receptor for touch?

A

Merkel cells

212
Q

What is the outermost layer of epidermis called?

A

Stratum corneum

213
Q

What is the innermost layer epidermis called?

A

Stratum basale

214
Q

What layer of epidermis handles most cell reproduction and connects to the dermis?

A

Stratum basale

215
Q

What is the name of the receptors that acquire information from the outside environment and send it to the brain?

A

Cutaneous sensory receptors (corpuscles)

216
Q

What kind of corpuscles detect feeling and touch from the outside environment?

A

Tactile

217
Q

What kind of corpuscles detect pressure?

A

Lemellar

218
Q

How much blood volume is contained in your skin at any given time?

A

About 5%

219
Q

What sweat glands are more abundant, are located on the surface and open up to a pore on your skin?

A

Eccrine

220
Q

What sweat glands are located near body hair and produce a body odor?

A

Apocrine

221
Q

What is the name of the transmitters in the sensory division of the PNS?

A

Afferent

222
Q

What is the name of the transmitters in the motor division of the PNS?

A

Efferent

223
Q

What is the name of cells that anchor to capillaries and exchange materials between blood supply and neurons?

A

Astrocytes

224
Q

What kind of cells provide immune defense against invading microorganisms in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Microgial cells

225
Q

What cells are responsible for wrapping around neurons and creating a protective barrier called a myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes

226
Q

What is the soma in regards to a neuron?

A

cell body

227
Q

What are the parts that branch out from the cell body in a neuron?

A

Dendrites

228
Q

What part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body?

A

axon

229
Q

What kind of cells detect stretch of muscle?

A

Spindle cells

230
Q

What is it called when physical forces are converted into intracellular biochemical responses that influence cell behavior and differentiation?

A

Mechanotrandsduction

Massage Therapy (5 decks)

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