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EMT- David > Anatomy/Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy/Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology?

A

Anatomy- study of body’s structure, physiology- study of body’s function, pathophysiology- study of disease.

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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

State of equilibrium in body, human body functions to maintain narrow homeostasis

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3
Q

Topographic anatomy

A

Reference location of outer body, based on body being in anatomical position- body in standing position with arms on side and palms forward (thumbs out)

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4
Q

What are the 3 planes of the body?

A

Midline- divides body into left and right, transverse- divides body into top and bottom at umbilicus (belly button), frontal plant (imaginary) divides body into anterior posterior

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5
Q

What are the paired directional terms?

A

Anterior or ventral (front), posterior or dorsal (back). Superior (Top), inferior (bottom). Proximal (close to point of attachment), Distal (Far). Medial (close to midline) and lateral (far).

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6
Q

What are the terms of movement?

A

Abduction- movement away from midline, Adduction- movement towards midline, extension- straightening joint (increasing angle), flexion- bending joint (decreasing angle).

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7
Q

What are the body position?

A

Supine- lying on back face up, Prone- lying on stomach face down, fowler- seated with head elevated, recovery- lying on left/right side

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8
Q

What are the abdominal quadrants?

A

4 abdominal quadrants based on intersection of midline and transverse line, left and right in reference to patients left and right: Left upper quadrant, RUQ, LLQ, RLQ

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the skeletal system?

A

Provides shape, allows movement and protects internal organs. 206 bones in body.

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10
Q

Tendons, ligaments and cartilage are part of the skeletal system, what are they?

A

Ligaments- connect bone to bone, tendons- bone to muscle, cartilage- connective tissues that allows smooth movement of joints.

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11
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Consists of skull, spinal column and rib cage (thoracic cavity)

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12
Q

What bones are in the skull?

A

Frontal bone- forehead, parietal bone- top of head (between frontal and occipital bones), occipital bone- posterior portion of skull, temporal bone- lateral bones above cheekbones, Maxillae- forms upper jaw above upper teeth, Mandible- movable portion of lower jaw, zygomatic bone- cheekbone, nasal bone- nose, foramen magnum- opening in occipital bone that where brain connects spinal cord.

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13
Q

What bones are in the spinal column?

A 
Central supporting system, protect spinal cord, consists of 33 vertebrae (9 of which are fused). Spinal column in descending order from superior to inferior:
Cervical spine- 7 vertebrae, C1 to C7
Thoracic spine- 12 vertebrae, T1 to T12
Lumbar spine- 5 vertebrae, L1 to L5
Sacrum- 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx- 4 fused vertebrae
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14
Q

What bones are in the thoracic cavity?

A

houses heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus and great vessels. Sternum- breastbone

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15
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Breast bone
Manubrium- upper portion of sternum
Body- middle
Xiphoid process- inferior tip

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16
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Includes bones of arms, legs and pelvis

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17
Q

What is the shoulder girdle?

A

formed by clavicle (collar bone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm).

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18
Q

What bones are in the arm?

A 
Humerus- upper arm
Radius- lateral bone of forearm (thumb side)
Ulna- medial bone of forearm
Carpal bone- wrist
Metacarpals- base of fingers
Phalanges- fingers
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19
Q

What bones are in the pelvis?

A

Pelvis is a ring shaped structure formed by 3 bones:
Ilium- upper portion
Ischium- lower potion
Pubis- anterior portion

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20
Q

What are the bones in the leg?

A 
Femur- strongest bone- thigh
Patella- kneecap
Tibia- medial bone on lower leg (shin)
Fibula- lateral bone of lower leg 
Tarsal- ankles
Metatarsal- base of toes
Phalanges- toes
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21
Q

What are the type of joints?

A

Where 2 long bones come together
Symphysis- joint with limited motion
Ball and socket joint- join where distant end is capable of free motion (shoulder)
Hinge joint- join where bones can move only uni-axially (knee)

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22
Q

What are 3 types of muscle?

A

Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and cardiac

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23
Q

What are smooth muscles and cardiac muscles?

A

Smooth muscles- involuntary muscles within blood vessels and digestive tract
Cardiac- heart muscles

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24
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A 
Voluntary muscles that are attached to skeleton:
Biceps- anterior humerus 
Triceps- posterior humerus
Pectoralis- anterior chest 
Latissimus dorsi- posterior chess
Rectus abdominis- abdominal muscles
Quadriceps (4 muscles)- anterior femur 
Biceps femoris- posterior femur, part of hamstring muscle
Gluteus (3 muscles)- buttocks
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25
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Provides body with O2 and eliminates waste products like CO2, helps regulate pH

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26
Q

What are the components of the upper airway?

A

Nose and mouth
Nasopharynx- upper part of throat, behind nose
Oropharynx- area of throat behind mouth
Larynx- voice box
Epiglottis- valve that protects opening of trachea

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27
Q

What is FBAO?

A

Foreign-body airway obstruction, tongue most common upper-airway obstruction

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28
Q

What are components of lower aiway?

A

Trachea
Carina- where trachea branches R/L main stem bronchi
Bronchioles- smaller branches of bronchi
Alveoli

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29
Q

What are alveoli?

A

where O2 and CO2 exchanged, in contact with pulmonary capillaries which diffuse CO2 from body to alveoli, alveoli diffuse O2, surfactant- substance helps alveoli from collapsing

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30
Q

What are Pleura?

A

Pleura- 2 thing smooth layers of tissue with fluid in between to allow frictionless movement across one another
Visceral Pleura- lines outer surface of lungs
Parietal Pleura- lines inside surface of chest cavity

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31
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

As chest expands, parietal pleura pulls visceral pleura which pulls the lungs

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32
Q

What are the muscles involved in breathing?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

33
Q

What is the the Diaphragm? and what happens during inhalation?

A

Primary muscle of respiration, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity- usually under involuntary control- esophagus and great vessels pass through it.
Diaphragm is dome shaped until contracts during inhalation, when it does it moves down and expands size of thoracic cavity

34
Q

What is the role of intercostal muscles in breathing?

A

Located between ribs, contract during inhalation and expand thoracic cage

35
Q

What does respiration and ventilation refer to?

A

Refer to movement of air in and out of the lungs.

36
Q

What happens in inhalation through negative pressure breathing?

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, thoracic cage expands, pressure in chest cavity decreases and air rushes in. Air contains 21% O2

37
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, thoracic cage contracts, pressure in chest cavity rises and air is expelled, 16% O2

38
Q

What is external, internal and cellular respiration?

A

External resp- exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
Internal- gas exchanged between body’s cells and systemic capillaries
Cellular respiration- uses O2 to break glucose to make energy

39
Q

What is the CO2 drive?

A

Mechanism of breathing control, brain stem monitors CO2 levels in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid, high CO2 levels stimulate increase in respiratory rate and tidal volume

40
Q

What is hypoxic drive?

A

Backup system to CO2 drive, sensors in brain, aorta and carotid arteries monitor O2 levels, low O2 stimulates breathing. Less effective

41
Q

What are the different lung volumes?

A

Tidal volume- amount air inhaled/ex in 1 breath
Residual volume- air in lungs after completely exhaling, keeps lungs open
Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume- air you can still inhale/ex after normal breathing
Dead space- air in respiratory system not in alveoli
Minute volume- respiratory rate * tidal volume

42
Q

What is the normal breathing rate and tidal volume?

A

Normal adult rate- 12-20 bpm
Normal pediatric rate- 15-30 bpm
Normal infant rate- 25-50 bpm
non-labored, regular rhythm, clear and equal breath sound bilaterally.

43
Q

What is involved in abnormal breathing?

A

Abnormal rate, labored breathing
Muscle retractions- intercostal retractions (between ribs), supraclavicular retractions (above clavicles), use of abdominal muscle
Tripod position- seated, leaning forward, using arms to help breathing
Agonal breaths- dying gasps, slow and shallow, won’t move air into alveoli

44
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

System include all blood vessels, capillaries, and heart

45
Q

What is the heart?

A

Muscular organ with 2 pumps on left and right
Left- receives oxygenated blood from lungs and sends to body, stronger
right- deoxygenated blood from body and sends it to lung

46
Q

What divides left and right sides of heart?

A

Septal walls

47
Q

What are the 3 layers of heart muscle?

A

Endocardium- smooth, thin lining on inside of heart
Myocardium- thick muscular wall of heart
Epicardium- outermost layer of heart and innermost layer of pericardium

48
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Fibrous sac that surrounds the heart

49
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

Atria- 2 upper chambers of heart, blood returning to heart on both sides, pump blood into ventricles
Ventricles- lower and larger chambers of heart, receive blood from atria and pump it out creating pulse. Left- O2 rich blood to body under high pressure. Right- O2 depleted blood to lungs, low pressure.

50
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A 
One way valves between atria and ventricles allow blood to move in right direction and prevent back flow- in order:
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
mitral valve
aortic valve
51
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

Generates electrical impulses to stimulate contraction of the heart.

52
Q

What are the 3 points of heart that can generate electric impulses?

A

SA node- 60-100 impulses/min (normal HR)
Atrioventricular junction- backup pacemaker (40-60)
Bundle of His- Final pacemaker, 20-40

53
Q

Where do heart muscles receive O2 from?

A

Coronary arteries

54
Q

What happens during 3 stages of cardiac conduction system?

A

Myocardial contractility- contractility ability of heart to contract, needs adequate blood volume and muscle strength
Preload- pre-contraction pressure based on amount of blood returning to heart, causes stretching
After load- resistance heart must overcome during ventricular contraction, if increases, lower cardiac output

55
Q

How does blood flow through the cardiovascular system?

A

O2 rich blood leave aorta (left), branches into arteries, arterioles, then capillaries. On venous side, capillaries feed into venules then veins and then superior (upper body) /inferior (lower body) vena cava.
The vena cava returns blood to right side of heart into right atrium, then ventricle pumps O2 depleted blood through pulmonary arteries to lungs.
O2 rich blood from lungs returns to left heart through pulmonary veins into left atrium, then ventricle pumps blood into aorta

56
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance?

A

SVR- resistance to blood flow throughout body (not pulmonary system), Constriction of blood vessels increases SVR, increases bp, dilation decreases SVR and lowers bp

57
Q

What are the arterial pulses divided into?

A

Central pulses and peripheral pulses

58
Q

What are the central pulses?

A

carotid pulse- carotid artery- neck

femoral- fermoral artery- groin

59
Q

What are the peripheral pulses?

A

Radial- wrist on radial (thumb) side
Brachial- medial portion of upper arm beneath bicep, also can be felt where humerus meets forearm (elbow)
Dorsalis pedis- top of the foot

60
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Plasma- liquid component of blood, mostly water
RBC- erythrocytes- O2 carrying component
WBC- leukocytes- immune system
Platelets- essential for clot formation

61
Q

What is blood pressure and what are the 2 types?

A

Blood pressure is pressure exerted on walls of artery
Systolic- BP during left ventricle contract
Diastolic- BP between contractions

62
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Perfusion is flow of blood throughout body
Adequate perfusion- blood flow is adequate to all tissues and organs in body
Inadequate (hypo-perfusion/shock)- blood flow comprimised

63
Q

What is the nervous system composed of?

A

CNS and PNS

64
Q

What is the CNS

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord, command and control portion of nervous system, brain receives info from peripheral nervous system, makes decisions and sends them to PNS. Spinal cord- communication between brain and PNS.

65
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum- largest part- thought, memory, senses
Cerebellum- coordinates voluntary movement, fine motor function and balance
Brain stem- midbrain, pons and medullar- controls essential body functions such as breathing& consioussness

66
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

CSF- in and around brain and spinal cord, cushions CNS and filters contaminants.

67
Q

What is the PNS?

A

All nervous system structures outside CNS (cranial and peripheral nerves)
Sends info to CNS and carries out orders from it
2 divisions:
Sensory- sends sensory info to CNS
Motor- receives motor commons from CNS, also has 2 divisions:
Somatic- voluntary
Autonomic NS (ANS)- involuntary, also 2 components
Sympathetic- fight or flight
Parasympathetic- feed and breed- rest, digestion or reproduction

68
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

It is the skin,
Epidermis- outermost layers
2 epidermal layers:
Germinal- makes new cells and pushes them to surface, cells die en route to surface
Stratum corneal- top epidermal layer, dead skin cells
Dermis- contains blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands and hair follicles

Subcutaneous tissue- fatty tissue, deepest layer, above muscle

69
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

Contains many organs for digestion and excretion, separates from thoracic cavity by diaphragm, continues inferiorly into pelvic cavity

70
Q

How is the abdominal cavity divided?

A

4 quadrants by transverse and midline

71
Q

Wha are the organs in the abdominal cavity?

A

Esophagus- digestive- mouth to stomach- posterior to trachea
Stomach- digesting organ in LUQ, breaks down food and sends to small intestine
Pancreas- solid organ- aids in digestion, makes insulin and helps regulate blood glucose
Liver- solid- RUQ- breaks fats, filters toxins and makes cholesterol
Gall bladder- hollow organ beneath the liver, collects and stores bile from liver, released into intestine
Small intestine- hollow- LQ- food mixed with enzymes- blood absorbs content out small intestine
Large intestine- hollow- colon and rectum- outer border of abdomen- pulls liquid forms stool
Appendix- hollow in RLQ- can be easily obstructed causing infection
Spleen- solid, LUQ, filters blood, rich blood supply- can be source of internal bleeding
Kidneys- solid- part of urinary system, control fluid balance, filter waste and control pH

72
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

System of glands that secrete hormones into blood to help regulate body functions. Insulin production and glucose regulation.

73
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

filters waste from blood through kidneys, controls fluid balance in body, controls pH to maintain homeostasis, ureters- tubes connect kidney to bladder
urine > ureters > urethra > out

74
Q

What is the reproductive system?

A

Males- testicles, penis, sperm, prostate (surrounds urethra near bladder)
Females- ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina

75
Q

What is ATP?

A

Body uses O2 to convert nutrient into ATP, cell receives more if high O2

76
Q

Aerobic metabolism?

A

creation of cellular energy with use of O2, most efficient, waste- water and CO2

77
Q

Anaerobic metabolism?

A

Energy without adequate O2 supply. Body triage O2 supply when necessary only to critical areas. By products- lactic acid.

78
Q

What are 3 anatomical differences between pediatrics and adults?

A

Pediatric tongue is larger in proportion to airway
Airway more easily obstructed
Head larger in proportion to body

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