Anatomy Overview 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is 1?
A
Right hypochondrium
2
Q
What is 2?
A
Epigastrium
3
Q
What is 3?
A
Left hypochondrium
4
Q
What is 4?
A
Right lumbar
5
Q
What is 5?
A
Periumbilical
6
Q
What is 6?
A
Left lumbar
7
Q
What is 7?
A
Right iliac fossa
8
Q
What is 8?
A
Hypogastrium
9
Q
What is 9?
A
Left lumbar
10
Q
In this picture, what are the vertical and horizontal lines?
A
Vertical are midclavicular lines
Horizontal lines are subcostal plane (superior) and transpyloric plane (inferior)
11
Q
What are some examples of foregut diseases?
A
Peptic ulcer
Gastric disease
Bilary disease
Pancreatic disease
Hepatic disease
12
Q
What are some examples of midgut diseases?
A
Appendicitis
Small bowel obstruction
‘Proximal’ colon cancer
13
Q
What are some examples of hindgut diseases?
A
Large bowel obstruction
Diverticular disease
Carcinoma of colon
14
Q
Why do we divide the abdomen into 9 areas?
A
To localise pain to understand what disease/pathology is causing it
15
Q
How long is the oesophagus?
A
25cm
16
Q
How many constrictions does the oesophagus have?
A
3
17
Q
What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus?
A
Cervical (pharyngo-oesophageal)
Thoracic (broncho-aortic) cross by arch of aorta and left main bronchus
Diaphragmatic where is passes through the oesophageal hiatus
18
Q
How far is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?
A
15cm
19
Q
How far is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?
A
22.5cm and 27.5cm
20
Q
How far is the diaphragmatic constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?
A
40cm
21
Q
Why is awareness of the 3 oesophagus constrictions important?
A
For passing instruments through the oesophagus into the stomach
22
Q
What are the different parts of the stomach?
A
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric
23
Q
What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?
A
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
24
Q
What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?
A
Control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum
25
What is the stomach bed formed by?
Diaphragm, spleen, left kidney, adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon
26
What are some examples of clinical stomach issues?
Congenital pyloric stenosis
Carcinoma of the stomach
Gastric ulcers and vagotomy
27
What is congenital pyloric stenosis?
Thickening of the smooth muscle in the pyloris
28
Where does the liver lie relative to the ribs?
Deep to ribs 7 to 11 on the right side
29
What is the portal triad?
Distinctive component of a hepatic lobule found rubbing along each of the lobules corners that consists of branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile ducts
30
What is the portal triad formed from?
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Bile ducts
31
What do bilary ducts carry?
Bile from the liver to the gallbladder
32
Where is bile produced?
Liver
33
Where is bile stored?
Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
34
What is the artery of the gallbladder?
Cystic artery
35
Where does the cystic artery lie?
In the triangle of calot
36
What is the pancreas?
Accessory digestive gland
37
What kind of gland is the pancreas?
Both exocrine and endocrine
38
What does the exocrine pancreas produce?
Pancreatic juice
39
What does the endocrine pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
40
What are the different parts of the pancreas?
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
41
Where is the portal vein formed relative to the pancreas?
Behind the neck of the pancreas
42
What is the spleen?
Mobile haemo-lymphoid organ located in the left hypochondrium
43
What is the spleen covered by?
Completely covered by peritoneum except for the hilium
44
Where is the spleen relative to the ribs?
Related to ribs 9 to 11 on the left side
45
What is the most frequently injured abdominal organ?
Spleen
46
What is a typical disease of the spleen?
Splenomegaly due to anaemia or typhoid fever
47
What supplies blood to the foregut?
Celiac trunk
48
Where does the celiac trunk originate?
Abdominal aorta (level T12)
49
What are the main branches of the celiac trunk?
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
50
What are some examples of midgut structures?
Small intestine including most of duodenum
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Right half to 2/3rds of the transverse colon
51
What is the duodenum?
Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine
52
What recieves secretions from the bile and pancreatic duct?
2nd part of duodenum
53
Explain the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?
54
Explain differences in colour of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is deeper red
Ileum is pale pink
55
Explain the differences in the wall of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is thick and heavy
Ileum is thin and light
56
Explain the differences in the vascularity of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is greater
Ileum is less
57
Explain the difference in the vasa recta of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is long
Ileum is short
58
Explain the difference in the arcades of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum has a few large loops
Ileum has many short loops
59
Explain the difference in the lymphoid nodules of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum has a few
Ileum has many
60
Explain the difference in the fat in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum has less
Ileum has more
61
What supplies blood to the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
62
What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?
Abdominal aorta (level L1)
63
What is the superior mesenteric artery crossed by anteriorly?
Splenic vein and neck of pancreas
64
What are some branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
Jejunal (main)
Ileal (main)
Middle colic
Right colic
Iliocolic
65
What are some hindgut structures?
Left one third of transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Upper part of anal canal
also includes epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra
66
67
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
68
How can the large intestine be distinguished from the small intestine?
Omental appendices
Haustra or saculations
Teniae coli
69
What are omental appendices?
Small, fatty, peritoneal like projections
70
What are teniae coli?
Thickened bands of smooth muscle
71
What is haustra?
Small pouches caused by sacculation
72
What is the appendix?
Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue
73
How can the appendix change from one person to the next?
The position of it is variable
74
What is the most common position of the appendix?
Retrocecal
75
What is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis called?
Macburney's point
76
Where does the inferior mesenteric artery originate?
Abdominal aorta (level L3)
77
What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Left colic
Sigmoid arteries
Superior rectal artery
78
What is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Superior rectal artery
79
What is the pelvis part of the gut tube?
Rectum
80
Where is the rectum found?
At the retro-sigmoid junction, anterior to vertebrae S3
81
What sphincters does the anal canal contain?
External anal sphincter (voluntary)
Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)
82
What structures are palpated in a rectal examination for men?
Prostate and seminal gland
Collections in retrovesical fossa
Ischial spines and tuberosites
Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes, swelling in the ischipinal fossa
Sacram and coccyx
83
What structures are palpated in a rectal examination for females?
Cervix
Rectouterine fossa
Ischial spines and tuberosites
Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes, swelling in the ischipinal fossa
Sacram and coccyx
84
What gives the parasympathetic innervation to abdominal organs?
Vagas nerve (cranial nerve 10) for foregut and midgut
Pelciv splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) for hindgut
85
What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?
10th cranial nerve
86
Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerve originate?
S2 to S4
87
What sympathetic nerves innervate the abdominal organs?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-T9, lesser T10-T11 and least T12)
Abdominal aortic plexus
88
Where do the sympathetic nerves that innervate abdominal organs originate?
T5-L2/L3
89
What are the vertebrae levels of the greater abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?
T5-T9
90
What are the vertebrae levels of the lesser abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?
T10-T11
91
What are the vertebrae levels of the least abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?
T12
92
What is venous drainage of the gut done by?
Portal vein
93
Where does the portal vein travel blood from and to?
From the GI tract including the spleen, pancreas and gallbladder to the liver
94
What is the portal vein formed by?
Union of the splenic vein and the supeior mesenteric vein
95
Where is the portal vein found?
Behind neck of pancreas (L2)
96
What are some sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?
Anarectal junction
Gastroesophageal junction
Around the umbilicus
97
What major vessel drains lymph from the abdomen?
Thoracic duct
98
What do lymphatic vessel run along?
Corresponding arteries
99
Where do lymphatic nodes form groups?
Around their major arteries and abdominal aorta
100
What are the 3 terminal groups of lymphatic lymph nodes?
Pre-aortic
Lateral aortic
Retro-aortic
101
What are examples of pre-aortic lymph nodes?
Celiac nodes
Superior mesenteric nodes
Inferior mesenteric nodes
102
What do pre-aortic lymph nodes drain?
Organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta
103
What do lateral aortic nodes drain?
Organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
104
What do retro-aortic nodes drain?
Posteror abdominal wall
105
What lymph nodes are foregut structures drained by?
Celiac group
106
What lymph nodes are midgut structures drained by?
Superior mesenteric group
107
What lymph nodes are hindgut structures drained by?
Inferior mesenteric group
108
Why is knowledge of lymphatic drainage essential?
To understand the spread of cancer
