Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y2 - Urinary > Anatomy Of Urinary System > Flashcards

Anatomy Of Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the kidney and urinary tract?

A

Excretion of waste products and drugs from blood

Regulates BP and Body fluid volume

Acid-base balance

Endocrine (Renin production for BP and Na+ balance), Erythropoietin (erythrocyte prod), prostaglandins (regulate renal function)

Metabolism - Vit D metabolised to active form
Catabolism of insulin, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What endocrine hormones does the kidney produce?

A

Renin
Erythropoietin
Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In terms of the peritoneum, where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal organs

On posterior abdominal wall along side each side of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

With reference to vertebral levels where are the kidneys located?

A

Between T12 and L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What ribs partially protect the kidneys?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the position of the left kidney compare to the right kidney?
Why?

A

The right kidney sits lower than the left kidney due to the liver being superior to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name of the inner curvature of each kidney where the blood vessels attach?

A

Hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What vertebral level is the Hilum?

A

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normally the kidney is about 11cm and 6cm wide, how small does the kidney have to be to indicate CKD?

A

Less than 8cm indicates chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the kidneys held in place by?

A

Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the layers of fat/layers holding the kidney in place from superficial to deep?

A

Paranephric/pararenal fat

Renal fascia

Perinephric/perirenal fat

Renal capsule

Then kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do the ureters travel from the kidney with respect to the vertebra?

A

In line with the transverse processes of the Lumbar vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What major blood vessels supply the kidneys?

What do they branch into?

A

Abdominal aorta branches into the right and left renal arteries which plug into the hilum of each kidney

Inferior vena cava branch’s to right and left renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are the left and right renal arteries a different length to each other?

A

Left renal artery is longer since it needs to get past the inferior vena cava

The IVC is more on the RHS and the Abdominal aorta is more on the Left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 main parts to the kidney?

A

Renal Cortex
Renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What parts of the nephron are located in the renal cortex?

A

Glomerulus
Bowmanns capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What parts of the nephron are located in the renal medulla?

A

Loop of Henle
Collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where and what are the dark triangles in the cross section of kidney?

A

They are renal pyramids located in the renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A

A renal pyramid with its overlying cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name of the structure that the collecting ducts drain into leading from the renal pyramids?

A

Minor calyces is where the collecting ducts drain to, these then join up forming major calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do the major calyces join to form?

A

Ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 2 types of nephron?

A

Cortical nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the key defining difference between a cortical nephron and a juxtamedullary nephron?

A

Cortical = short Loop of Henle

Juxtamedullary = Long loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of Arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus and what type of arteriole takes blood away from the glomerulus?

A

Afferent = blood Arrives at glomerulus

Efferent = blood leaves glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What type of cell is important in the glomerulus forming a sieve to filter blood? What feature allows for filtration to occur?
Podocyte Foot processes
26
What are the 2 different capillary types that the Efferent arteriole goes onto form?
Peritubular capillaries Vesa recta
27
Where are the peritubular capillaries located?
Around the PCT and DCT
28
Where are the Vesa recta located?
Around the Loop of Henle (LOH)
29
What region of the nephron does the hormone ADH act on? What general affect does it have?
Collecting duct Causes more water to be reabsorbed so the urine becomes more concentrated
30
In 2 adjacent nephrons how is the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule of the one nephron positioned compared to the other nephron?
The GLomerulus and bowman’s capsule is located right next to the other nephrons DCT
31
Why is the renal corpuscle located next to another nephrons DCT? What cells do this job?
The Macula densa cells can sense the composition of the fluid flowing through the nephron
32
What cells secrete Renin?
Granular cells
33
What is an easily identifiable artery that branches from the abdominal aorta and where is it?
Superior Mesenteric Artery It sits on top of the renal veins
34
What is the significance of the inferior mesenteric artery in embryological development?
It stops the ascent of the kidneys in embryological development
35
What is the blood supply within the kidney?
Renal artery -> branches to Segmental arteries -> branch into interlobular arteries which go between lobes -> branch to arcuate artery which runs in an arch -> branches to interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> either peritubular capillaries or vesa recta
36
What is the blood supply leaving the kidney?
Interlobular vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobular vein -> renal vein
37
What makes up the ureters?
Smooth muscle fibres
38
With respect to the peritoneum, what type of structure are the ureters?
Retroperitoneal
39
What is the pelviurieteric junction?
Where the pelvis and ureter come together
40
Where is the most common area of uteric injury?
Pelvic brim
41
What bony landmarks can be used to find the ureters?
L1 can find itt from the hilum Crosses sacrum and sacroiliac joint Ureter kinks at Ischial spine
42
What is the name of the muscle forming the bladder? What type of muscle is this?
Deter us or muscle Smooth muscle
43
What are the folds / ridges called in the detrusor muscle?
Rugae
44
What is the function of Rugae in the detrusor muscle of the bladder?
Allows bladder to expand as it fills with urine
45
What is the area called with no Rugae in the detrusor muscle called in the bladder?
Trigone
46
What 3 points make up the Trigone in the bladder?
2 uteric openings Internal urethral orifice
47
What forms the smooth trigone in the bladder?
Mesonephric duct
48
What is the importance of the oblique angle in the bladder?
As ureter enters bladder it forms a flap, the pressure of water in the bladder keeps the flap closed preventing urine moving up into the ureters and back to the kidney
49
What type of epithelial cells line the bladder?
Transitional epithelium/Urothelium
50
When the bladders empty it rests on the pubic symphysis, where in men and where in women?
Women = in front of vagina, uterus and rectum Men = in front of rectum
51
How much urine can the average bladder hold?
750ml
52
How does the length of urethra compare in men and women? What is the significance of this?
Women it’s shorter so more prone to UTIs
53
Why do people with enlarged prostate glands have trouble urinating?
The urethra passes directly through the centre of the prostate gland so it can get compressed
54
What are the 2 types of sphincter in the urethra?
Internal Urethral Sphincter External urethra sphincter
55
Which of the 2 urethral sphincters is under voluntary control?
External urethral sphincter under voluntary control Internal urethral sphincter involuntary
56
When does the internal urethral sphincter open?
When the pressure reaches a certain amount in the bladder
57
Where is the external urethral sphincter located in both men and women?
Urogenital diaphragm
58
What is the first part of the male urethra called?
Prostatic urethra
59
What follows the prostatic urethra in the area of the External urethral sphincter?
Membranous urethra (called this as it passes through the diaphragm)
60
What is the part of the urethra called as it passes through the penis following the membranous urethra?
Penile/spongy urethra

Y2 - Urinary (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions