Anatomy of Upper Limb

Question 1

what different areas is the upper limb made up of

Answer 1

the shoulder/pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, hands

Question 2

what are the joints of the pectoral girdle (2)

Answer 2

acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint

both synovial plain joints

Question 3

what are the joints of the arm (2)

Answer 3

glenohumeral joint(synovial ball + socket) and elbow joint(synovial hinge)

Question 4

what are the joints of the forearm (3)

Answer 4

proximal and distal radioulnar joints(synovial pilot), and radiocarpal joint(synovial ellipsoid)

Question 5

describe what happens in pronation and what joints does it occur at

Answer 5

radius moves over the ulna

occurs at the proximal(superior) and distal(inferior) radioulnar joints

Question 6

what is subluxation of a joint

Answer 6

partial dislocation, where the articular surfaces are displaced, but still overlap

Question 7

what is dislocation of a joint

Answer 7

where the articular surfaces no longer overlap at all

Question 8

what are the elbow ligaments (3)

Answer 8

the lateral(radial) collateral ligament, the medial(ulnar) collateral ligament and the annular ligament

Question 9

describe the role of the lateral(radial) collateral ligament

Answer 9

attaches to later epicondyle of the humerus and the annular ligament

Question 10

describe the role of the annular ligament

Answer 10

stabilises proximal radioulnar joint by holding radius against radial notch of ulna

Question 11

what are the joints of the hands/fingers, in order from distal to proximal (4)

Answer 11

distal interpharangeal joints(DIP), proximal interpharangeal joints(PIP), metacarpopharangeal joints(MCP), first carpometacarpal joint

Question 12

what are the muscles of the shoulder/pectoral girdle located on the back, that are involved in the upper limb (6)

Answer 12

trapezium, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major + minor, teres major

Question 13

what are the muscles of the shoulder/pectoral girdle located on the chest area, that are involved in the upper limb (3)

Answer 13

pectoralis major + minor, serratus anterior

Question 14

what are the muscles of the shoulder/pectoral girdle located at the shoulder + neck, that are involved in the upper limb (3)

Answer 14

levator scapulae(neck), rotator cuff muscles, deltoid

Question 15

where are the rotator cuff muscles found and what is their role in the upper limb

Answer 15

found in the greater and lesser tuberosities of the humerus

important stabilisers of the joint, resist displacement of humeral head

Question 16

what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles

Answer 16

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

SITS

Question 17

what is the only rotator cuff muscle found in the lesser tuberosity of the humerus, rather than the greater

Answer 17

subscapularis

Question 18

where do the rotator cuff muscles hold the head of the humerus

Answer 18

the the glenoid fossa, 1/3rd of humeral head in contact with the glenoid fossa at any time

Question 19

what are the arm and forearm surrounded by and what separates them into compartments

Answer 19

surrounded by deep fascia(like a sleeve)

split into compartments by fascial septa

Question 20

what compartments are the arm and forearm split into

Answer 20

arm = anterior and posterior
forearm = anterior, posterior and lateral

Question 21

what is the artery, vein and nerve supplying the anterior compartment of the arm

Answer 21

brachial artery
brachial vein
musculocutaneous nerve

Question 22

what is the artery, vein and nerve supplying the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 22

profunda brachii + ulnar collateral arteries
profunda brachii vein
radial nerve

Question 23

what is the artery, vein and nerve supplying the anterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 23

radial + ulnar artery
venae comitantes vein
median(+ulnar) nerve

Question 24

what is the artery, vein and nerve supplying the posterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 24

interoseseous artery
venae comitantes vain
radial nerve

Question 25

what is the artery and nerve supplying the hands

Answer 25

deep and superficial palmar arches arteries | ulnar(+ median) nerve

Question 26

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm (3)

Answer 26

biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis | BBC

Question 27

what is the action of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

Answer 27

flexion of arm and forearm

Question 28

what is the muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 28

triceps brachii

Question 29

what is the action of the muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 29

extension of arm and forearm

Question 30

what are the muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm (4)

Answer 30

flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, palmaris longus

Question 31

what is the muscle of the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 31

flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 32

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm (3)

Answer 32

flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

Question 33

what are the actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 33

flexion of wrist + digits, adduction and abduction of wrist, and pronation of forearm

Question 34

what are the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm (8)

Answer 34

brachioradialis, anconeus, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digiti minimi

Question 35

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm (5)

Answer 35

supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor indicis

Question 36

what are the actions of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 36

extension of wrists + digits, abduction and adduction of wrist, supination of forearm

Question 37

what are the muscles of the thenar eminence of the hand

Answer 37

abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis

Question 38

what are the muscles of the hypothenar eminence of the hand

Answer 38

abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opppnens digiti minimi

Question 39

what nerves supply the hypothenar and thenar eminences of the hand

Answer 39

``` thenar = median nerve hypothenar = ulnar nerve ```

Question 40

where are the 4 lumbricals in the hand

Answer 40

attached to the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus(of anterior forearm)

Question 41

what is the action of the interossei of the hands

Answer 41

dorsal interossei = abduction of digits | palmar interossei = adduction of digits

Question 42

what is the innervation of the 4 lumbricals in the hand

Answer 42

lateral 2 = median nerve | medial 2 = ulnar nerve

Question 43

what is the innervation of the interossei of the hands

Answer 43

all the ulnar nerve