Anatomy of Lower Limb

Question 1

what are the different regions of the lower limb(6)

Answer 1

inguinal region/groin, thigh, knee/popliteal fossa, leg, ankle, foot

Question 2

what are the functions of the lower limbs

Answer 2

support body weight, locomotion, maintain balance

Question 3

what are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 3

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae

Question 4

what are the deep muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 4

piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris

Question 5

describe the actions of the superficial gluteal muscles

Answer 5

extensors, abductors and medial rotators of the thigh

Question 6

describe the actions of the deep gluteal muscles

Answer 6

lateral rotators of thigh and hip rotators

Question 7

describe the nerve innervation of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 7

gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal nerve

all others = superior gluteal nerve

Question 8

describe the nerve innervation of the deep muscles if the gluteal region

Answer 8

nerves from the sacral plexus

Question 9

how do nerves enter/exit the pelvis/peritoneum

Answer 9

via the greater(pelvis) and lesser(peritoneum) sciatic foramen

Question 10

what are the greater and lesser sciatic foramen formed by

Answer 10

the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Question 11

what nerves enter/exit the pelvis via the gluteal region

Answer 11

sciatic nerve(L4-S3), pudendal nerveS2-S4), posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh(S1-S3)

Question 12

what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region

Answer 12

nothing

Question 13

where and into what does the sciatic nerve separate

Answer 13

separates into the tibial nerve and common fibular, usually in the distal thigh

Question 14

what is the contents of the femoral triangle

Answer 14

femoral Nerve, femoral Artery, femoral Vein, Lymphatics

NAVLy

Question 15

what layer separates the muscle into compartments

Answer 15

the intermuscular septum

Question 16

what 3 muscle compartments is the thigh split into

Answer 16

anterior, medial and posterior

Question 17

what 3 muscle compartments is the leg split into

Answer 17

anterior, posterior and lateral

Question 18

describe the action of the anterior muscle compartment of the thigh on the thigh, and name these muscles

Answer 18

flexors of thigh

= pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius

Question 19

describe the action of the anterior muscle compartment of the thigh on the leg, and name this msucle

Answer 19

extensors of leg

= quadricep femoris

Question 20

describe the innervation of the anterior muscle compartment of the thigh

Answer 20

all femoral nerve(L2,L3,L4)

except psoas major(L1,L2,L3)

Question 21

what is the action of the medial compartment muscles of the thigh

Answer 21

adductors of thigh

Question 22

name the medial compartment muscles of the thigh

Answer 22

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

Question 23

describe the innervation of the medial muscle compartment of the thigh

Answer 23

all obturator nerve(L2,L3,L4)

except hamstring part of adductor magnus(tibial nerve)

Question 24

describe the action of the posterior muscle compartment of the thigh

Answer 24

extensor of thigh and flexor of leg

Question 25

name the muscles of the posterior muscle compartment of the thigh

Answer 25

semitendinsus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

Question 26

describe the innervation of the posterior muscle compartment of the the thigh

Answer 26

all tibial division of the sciatic nerve(L5, S1, S2) | except short head bicep femoris(common fibular division of the sciatic nerve)

Question 27

describe the action of the anterior muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 27

dorsiflexors of ankle and extensor of toes

Question 28

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 28

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum, longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

Question 29

describe the innervation of the anterior muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 29

all deep fibular nerve(L4,L5)

Question 30

describe the action of the lateral muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 30

evert foot and weakly plantarflex ankle

Question 31

name the muscles of the lateral muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 31

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

Question 32

describe the innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 32

all superficial fibular nerve(L5, S1, S2)

Question 33

describe the action of the superficial posterior muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 33

plantarflexors of ankle

Question 34

name the muscles of the superficial posterior muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 34

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Question 35

describe the action of the deep posterior muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 35

flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle

Question 36

name the muscles of the deep posterior muscle compartment of the leg

Answer 36

popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

Question 37

describe the innervation of the deep and superficial muscles of the posterior muscle compartments of the leg

Answer 37

all the tibial nerve(S1, S2)

Question 38

describe the hip joint

Answer 38

ball and socket joint, multiaxial, synovial joint,

Question 39

what are the ligaments of the hip joint

Answer 39

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

Question 40

what ligament is to the head of the femur

Answer 40

ligamentum teres

Question 41

describe what Trendelenburgs Gait is

Answer 41

abnormal walk caused by weakness of the gluteus medius and/or minimus, where hips are slanted to side of weakness

Question 42

what forms the ligaments at joints

Answer 42

the thick part of fibrous layer of the joint capsule

Question 43

describe the arterial supply to the hip joint

Answer 43

medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery

Question 44

describe the knee joint

Answer 44

hinge joint, mainly flexor/extensor, synovial joint

Question 45

what are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 45

patellar ligament, lateral(fibular) collateral ligament, medial(tibial) collateral ligament

Question 46

what are the intra-articular ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 46

anterior cruciate(ACL) and posterior cruciate(PCL)

Question 47

describe the menisci ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 47

fibrocartilage | lateral and medial ligaments

Question 48

where is the popliteal fossa found

Answer 48

posterior to knee

Question 49

describe the contents of the popliteal fossa

Answer 49

lots of fat, terminal saphenous vein, popliteal vessels, tibial and common fibular nerves

Question 50

describe the calcaneal(achilles) tendon

Answer 50

it is the tendons of the gastrocnemius and soleus together | thickest and strongest tendon in body

Question 51

where does the calcaneal(achilles) tendon attach

Answer 51

to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

Question 52

describe the result of a normal 'ankle jerk' reflex and what it tests

Answer 52

plantarflexion | tests S1, S2 root nerves

Question 53

describe the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb

Answer 53

follow saphenous vein, drain into superficial inguinal lymph nodes, then external iliac lymph nodes

Question 54

describe the deep lymphatics of the lower limb

Answer 54

follow deep veins, popliteal lymph nodes, deep inguinal lymph nodes external iliac lymph nodes