Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI 2018 > Anatomy of Upper GI tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of Upper GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is mastication?

A

Process of chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is mastication conducted?

A

Movement of jaw and tongue to breakdown food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does mastication facilitate?

A

Taste and digestion by mixing food with saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many teeth do adults have?

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the teeth types?

A

2 Incisors 1 canine 2 premolars 3 Molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the features of the TMJ?

A

Mandibular fodda Head of condylar process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What supplies the four muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve- CN V3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

3 close 1 open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the temporalis m?

A

Coronioid process of mandible to temporal fossa (close)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the master m?

A

Angle of mandible to zygomatic arch (close)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the medial pterygoid?

A

Angle of mandible (medial side) to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone (close)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the lateral pterygoid?

A

Condyle of mandible to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone (open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the superior cavity of the TMJ for?

A

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the inferior cavity of the TMJ for?

A

Rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the course of the CN V3

A

From pons through foramen ovale to muscles of mastication and sensory area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Label this diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lable this diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do loose teeth pose?

A

Choking hazard
Aspiration risk

Infection risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are two divisions of the tongue?

A

Posterior 1/3rd

Anterior 2/3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

Vertical

In oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue responsible for?

A

Taste and general sensation (CNIX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue responsible for?

A

Taste CNVII

General sensory CNV3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Horizontal part

In oral cavity

Folliate papillae, valiate (in V shape) and fungiform papillae

Filiform papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of Filiform papillae?

A

Touch, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the functions of the facial nerve

A

Special sensory, sensory, motor and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve?

A

From pontomedullary junction

Through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the facial nerve supply?

A

Taste to anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

Muscles of facial expression

Glands in floor of mouth

28
Q

What is the chorda typami?

A

CN VII Connects to the lingual nerve CNV3

29
Q

Descibr the course of the facial nerve?

A

Intracranial

arises in the pons

  • begins as two roots; a large motor root, and a small sensory root (the part of the facial nerve that arises from the sensory root is sometimes known as the intermediate nerve).
  • The two roots travel through the internal acoustic meatus, a 1cm long opening in the petrous part of the temporal bone, in very close proximity to the inner ear.
  • Still within the temporal bone, roots leave internal acoustic meatus, enter into the facial canal (‘Z’ shaped structure)
  • Within the facial canal, three important events occur:
    • two roots fuse to form the facial nerve
    • nerve forms the geniculate ganglion (a ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies).
    • nerve gives rise to:
      • Greater petrosal nerve – parasympathetic fibres to mucous glands and lacrimal gland.
      • Nerve to stapedius – motor fibres to stapedius muscle of the middle ear.
      • Chorda tympani – special sensory fibres to the anterior 2/3 tongue and parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular and sublingual glands.

then exits the facial canal (and the cranium) via the stylomastoid foramen. (just posterior to the styloid process of the temporal bone)

Extracranial

the facial nerve turns superiorly to run just anterior to the outer ear

  • first extracranial branch to arise is: posterior auricular nerve.
    • provides motor innervation to the some of the muscles around the ear.
  • Immediately distal to this, motor branches are sent to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and to the stylohyoid muscle.
  • The main trunk of the nerve, now termed the motor root of the facial nerve, continues anteriorly and inferiorly into the parotid gland (note – the facial nerve does not contribute towards the innervation of the parotid gland, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve).
  • Within the parotid gland, the nerve terminates by splitting into five branches:
    • Temporal branch
    • Zygomatic branch
    • Buccal branch
    • Marginal mandibular branch
    • Cervical branch
  • These branches are responsible for innervating the muscles of facial expression.
30
Q

What does the superior half of oral cavity revienve sensation from?

A

CN V2

31
Q

What does the inferioe half of oral cavity revienve sensation from?

A

CN V3

32
Q

What is the role of the gag reflex?

A

protective reflex that prevents foreign bodies from entering the pharynx or larynx

33
Q

Describe the sensory and motor innervation of the gag reflex?

A

Sensory limb is carreid by nerve fibres within the CN IX

Motor part is carried by nerve fibres within CN IX and CN X

34
Q

Describe the course of CN V2?

A

From pons

Through foramen rotundum

To sensory area

Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

35
Q

Describe the function and course of CN IX?

A

Special sensory, sensory, motor, visceral afferent and parasympathetic

Course

From medulla

Through jugular foramen

To posterior wall of oropharynx (sensory), parotid gland (secretomotor) and posterior 1/3rd of tongue (sensation and taste)

36
Q

Describt the anatomy of the parotid gland?

A

Parotid duct crosses face secretes into mouth by upper 2nd molar

37
Q

Describe the anatomy of the submandibular gland?

A

Submandibular duct enters floor of mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle

38
Q

Describe the anatomy of the sublingual gland?

A

Lays in floor of mouth secretes via several ducts superiorly

39
Q

How is the tongue suspended in the oral cavity?

A

By 4 pairs of skeletal muscle

40
Q

What is the function of extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Function to change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

41
Q

What is the function and location of the 4 pairs of intrinsic skeletal muscles?

A

Located mainly dorsally/posteriorly

Modify the shape of the tongue during function

42
Q

Describe the innervation of tongue muscles?

A

INNERVATED BY CNXII (Hypoglossal nerve), EXCEPT PALATOGLOSSUS!

43
Q

Name the four muscle of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus

Styloglossus

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

44
Q

Describe the function and course of CN XII?

A

Motor only

Course

From medulla

Through hypoglossal canal

To extrinsic and intrinsic msucle of tongue (except palatoglossus)

45
Q

What is the cricopharyngeus?

A

C6- junction between pharynx and oesophagus

46
Q

What kind of muscle is found in the pharynx?

A

outer

  • Circular (constrictor) muscles
  • Voluntary muscle
  • Voluntary but cannot control sequence

inner

  • Longitudinal muscles
47
Q

Describe the structure of outer pharynx musculature?

A

The external (circular) layer overlap each other and contract sequentially

All insert onto midline raphe

Buccopharyngeal fascia covers muscles

48
Q

What innervates the muscles of the pharynx?

A

Outer

CN X

Inner

Supplied mainly by CN X and IX (one muscle)

49
Q

What are the functions of the pharyngeal muscles?

A
  • Both layers elevate pharynx & larynx
  • Attach to larynx
  • Contract to shorten pharynx
  • Raise the larynx to close over the laryngeal inlet
50
Q

What would you do when inserting an endoscope?

A
  • ask patient to swallow as you insert
51
Q

Describe the four steps of swallowing?

A
  1. Voluntary- tongue pushes bolus of food towards oropharynx
  2. Involuntary- soft palate elevated, larynx elevated
  3. Inovluntary- circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscle contracts
  4. Involuntary- bolus of food enters oesphagus and travels inferiorly by peristalsis
52
Q

Describe the anatomy of swallowing?

A
  1. Close lips = prevent drooling (orbicularis oris & cranial nerve VII)
  2. tongue (cranial nerve XII) pushes the bolus posteriorly towards the oropharynx
  3. Sequentially contract the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (cranial nerve X) to push the bolus inferiorly towards the oesophagus
  4. At the same time the inner longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles (cranial nerves IX & X) contracts to raise the larynx, shortening the pharynx and closing off the laryngeal inlet to help prevent aspiration
  5. The bolus reaches the oesophagus
53
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Inferior continuation of laryngopharynx

54
Q

When does the oesophagus begin?

A

Inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle (verterbral level C6)

55
Q

What is the status of the oesophagus when no food is present?

A

Muscular tube- walls sit together

56
Q

Describe the sphincters of the oesophagus?

A
  • anatomical upper sphincter (cricopharyngeus) and a physiological lower oesophageal sphincter
  • Aid in controlling food movement
57
Q

What is the oesophageal plexus?

A
  • plexus runs on surface to supply smooth muscle within its walls (distally)
  • Contains parasympathetic nerve fibres (vagal trunks) and sympathetic nerve fibres
  • These fibres influence the enteric nervous system to speed up (P) or slow down(S) peristalsis
58
Q

When does the oesophagus terminate?

A

By entering the cardia of the stomach

59
Q

Where is the oesophagus found in the:

  1. root of neck
  2. chest
  3. abdomen
A
  1. Posterior to trachea

Anterior to vertebral bodies

  1. Posterior to heart

In contact with left atrium

  1. Through diaphragm

Immediately connects with stomach

60
Q

What are the constrictions of the oesphagus in the;

  1. cervival region
  2. thoracic region
  3. diaphragmatic region
A
  1. cricopharyngeus muscle
  2. arch of aorta, left main bronchus
  3. result of passing through diaphragm, lower oesophageal sphincter
61
Q

What factors produce effect of LOS?

A
  • Contraction of diaphragm
  • Intrabdominal pressure slightly higher than intragastric pressure
  • Oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of stomach
62
Q

What does the LOS do?

A

reduce occurrence of ‘reflux’

63
Q

What will a hiatus hernia cause?

A

•reduce effectiveness of LOS

Can lead to symptoms of reflux

64
Q

Where is the LOS?

A
  • Lies immediately superior to gastro-oesophageal junction
  • Abrupt change in type of mucosa lining the wall - Z-line
65
Q

Where is the stomach?

A

mainly in the left hypochodrium, epigastric and umbilical regions when the patient is supine

66
Q

Label this structure

A

GI 2018 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions