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LC Gastroenterology Week 1 > Anatomy of Upper GI System > Flashcards

Anatomy of Upper GI System Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the GI tract?

A

Head:
Oral cavity
Pharynx

Neck:
Pharynx

Chest:
Oesophagus

Abdomen:
Oesophagus 
Stomach 
Small intestine e
Large intestine 
Accessory organs

Pelvis:
Rectum
Anal canal

Perineum
Anus

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2
Q

Where does movement of the jaw occur at?

A

The TMJ - temperomandibular joint

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3
Q

What are the muscles of mastication supplied by?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - CN V3

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4
Q

How many muscles of mastication are there?

A

4 in total
3 - close
1 - open

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5
Q

What are the 3 muscles that close the jaw called?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid

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6
Q

Describe the temporalis muscle?

A

Attaches at the coronoid process of the mandible to the temporal fossa

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7
Q

Describe the masseter muscle?

A

It attaches to the angle of the mandible to the zygomatic arch

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8
Q

Describe the medial pterygoid

A

it attaches to the angle of the mandible (medial side) to the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

What muscle opens the jaw?

A

The lateral pterygoid

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10
Q

Describe the lateral pterygoid?

A

IT attaches to the condyle of the mandible to the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone

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11
Q

What fibres does the mandible division of the trigemianal nerve contain?

A

Sensory and motor

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12
Q

Which is the only CN to attach to the pons?

A

CN 3 - trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A 
Tongue 
Hard palate 
Soft palate 
- arches of the soft palate 
Palatine tonsil - back of mouth 
Uvula 
Upper and lower dental arch 
Gingiva - gums
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14
Q

What is aspiration?

A

The inhalation of liquid or solid matter into the lungs

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15
Q

Describe the posterior part of the tongue?

A

Posterior = 1/3rd
In the oropharynx
Taste and general sensation - CNIX

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16
Q

Describe the anterior part of the tongue?

A

Anterior = 2/3rd
In the oral cavity
Taste = CN VII
General sensory = CNV3

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17
Q

Describe the papillae at the front of the tongue?

A

Filiform papillae - touch temperature etc

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18
Q

Describe the papillae in the middle of the tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae - ALL with taste buds

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19
Q

Describe the papillae in the back of the tongue?

A

Foliate papillae and vallate papillae

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20
Q

Describe the innveration in the facial nerve? (CHECK)

A

Special sensory, sensory, motor and parasympathetic

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21
Q

What CN is the facial nerve?

A

CN VII

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22
Q

Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve come out of the base of the skull?

A

The sphenoid bone

The foramen ovale

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23
Q

Where does the facial nerve comes out of the base of the skull?

A

The internal acoustic meatus

Stylomastoid foramen

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24
Q

Describe what CNVII supplies?

A

The muscle of facial expression - after exiting at the internal acoustic meatus and the stylomastoid foramen

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25
Q

Describe the branch, chords tympani, of the CN VII?

A

It connects with the lingual nerve branch of CNV3 and supplies taste to the anterior tongue and also parasympathetics

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26
Q

Describe what CNVII supplies after joining with the CNV3?

A

Supplies the sublingual salivary gland

The parasymapethic axons of CNVII suppling the submandibular salivary gland

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27
Q

Describe the oral sensation of the superior half of the oral cavity?

A

General sensation felt via CN V2

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28
Q

What is the posterior wall of the oropharynx sensitive to and what half is it in?

A

In the superior half

Very sensitive to touch

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29
Q

Describe the oral sensation of the inferior half of the oral cavity?

A

General sensation via the CN V3

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30
Q

What is the gag reflex?

A

A proactive reflect that prevent foreign bodies from entering the pharynx or larynx

31
Q

What is the sensory part of the gag reflex carried by?

A

Carried by nerve fibres within CN IX

32
Q

What is the motor part of the gag reflex carried by?

A

Nerve fibres within CN IX and CV X

33
Q

What happens in the gag relic in terms on constriction?

A

The patient tries to close off the pharynx and constricts it

34
Q

What can you do prior to an endoscope to block the sensory action potentials in CNV2, V3 CNVII and CN IX?

A

Spray a loca anaesthetic on the area

35
Q

What is the CN V2 known as?

A

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

36
Q

What is the CN V3 known as?

A

The mandible division of the trigeminal nerve

37
Q

Where does the CNV2 exit the base of the skull?

A

The sphenoid bone

The foramen rotundum

38
Q

What fibres does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry CNIX?

A

Special sensory, sensory, motor, visceral afferent and parasympathetic

39
Q

Where does the CNIX connect to the CNS?

A

The medualla

40
Q

Where does the CNIX exit the base of the skull?

A

Junction between the temporal bone and occipital bone - jugular foramen

41
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply? (CHECK)

A

Axons mainly pass to or from the tongue and palate
Posterior wall of the oropharynx
Parasympathetic secreomotor to the parotid salivary glands.

42
Q

Describe where you would find the parotid gland - surface anatomy?

A

Parotid duct crosses face secretes into mouth by upper 2nd molar.

(anterior to ear at TMJ)

43
Q

Describe where you would find the submandibular gland - surface anatomy?

A

Submandibular duct enters floor of the mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle

44
Q

Describe where you would find the sublingual gland - surface anatomy?

A

Lays in the floor of the moth and secretes via several ducts superiorly. (under the tongue)

45
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

46
Q

What can clogging/blockage cause in salivary ducts?

A

Swelling due to back up of secretions

47
Q

What nerves supply each of the salivary ducts?

A

Parotid - CN IX
Submandibular - CN VII
Sublingual - CNVII

48
Q

Describe how the tongue is positioned in the oral cavity?

A

It is suspended in the oral cavity by 4 pairs of skeletal muscles

49
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Function to change to position of the tongue during mastication swallowing and speech.

50
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Modifiy the SHAPE of the tongue during function

51
Q

What invevates all the tongue muscles bar one?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal nerve

Except palatoglossus

52
Q

What are the extrinsic muuscles of the tongue?

A

End in glossus
Extrinsic muscles originate from elsewhere in the body and attach to the tongue.

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus

53
Q

Where are the intrisinc muscles of the tongue?

A

They are located mainly dorsally/posteriorly.

54
Q

What fibres does the hypoglossal nerve contain? CN XII

A

MOTOR ONLY

55
Q

Where does the CNXII exit the base of the skull?

A

Occipital bone - hypoglossal canal (anterior wall of foramen magnum)

56
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve mostly supply?

A

The muscles of the tongue

57
Q

What is the of the external layer pharynx innervated by?

A

CN X

58
Q

at what level is the UOS?

A

C6

59
Q

What is the of the internal layer pharynx innervated by?

A

Mainly by CN X and CN IX

60
Q

Describe the type of muscles of the pharynx external and internal?

A

External - circular

Internal - longitudinal

61
Q

What do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx do?

A

longitudinal muscles of the pharynx (CN IX & X) elevate the larynx towards the epiglottis during swallowing reducing the size of the laryngeal inlet

62
Q

Describe the stages of swallowing?

A

Tongue pushes bolus of food towards oropharynx
Soft palate elevated, larynx elevated
Circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles contracts
Bolus of food enters oesophagus and travels inferiorly by peristalsis

63
Q

What cranial nerve helps to prevent drooling?

A

CN VII

64
Q

What cranial nerve pushes the bolus of food towards the oropharynx?

A

CN XII

65
Q

What cranial nerve contracts the pharyngeal constrictor muscles to push the bolus down the to the oesophagus?

A

CN X

66
Q

What cranial nerve contracts the longitudinal layers of the pharyngeal muscles, preventing aspiration by closing laryngeal inlet?

A

CN IX, CN X

67
Q

What do parasympathetics and sympathetics do to peristalsis?

A

Para - speeds up

Sympathetic - slow down peristalsis

68
Q

At what level does the oesophagus start?

A

C6

69
Q

What is the oesophageal plexus?

A

It runs of the surface to supply the smooth muscle on the walls

contains parasympathetic fibres (vagal trunk) and sympathetics - influence ENS and peristalsis

70
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin, what muscle?

A

The inferior edge of the cricopharyngeus muscles

71
Q

What factors produce the sphincter effect?

A

Contraction of diaphragm
Intrabdominal pressure slightly higher than intragastric pressure
Oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of the stomach

72
Q

What does the LOS help reduce?

A

Reflux

73
Q

What is the Z-line

A

The abrupt change in type of mucosa lining in the wall between the LOS and stomach..

74
Q

Name the parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum

Lesser curvature
Greater curvature
Incisura angularis - is a small anatomical notch on the stomach located on the lesser curvature of the stomach near the pyloric end.

LC Gastroenterology Week 1 (11 decks)

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