Anatomy of Upper GI System Flashcards by Lauren Clegg

List the components of the GI tract?

Head:
Oral cavity
Pharynx

Neck:
Pharynx

Chest:
Oesophagus

Abdomen:
Oesophagus 
Stomach 
Small intestine e
Large intestine 
Accessory organs

Pelvis:
Rectum
Anal canal

Perineum
Anus

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Where does movement of the jaw occur at?

The TMJ - temperomandibular joint

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What are the muscles of mastication supplied by?

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - CN V3

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How many muscles of mastication are there?

4 in total
3 - close
1 - open

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What are the 3 muscles that close the jaw called?

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid

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Describe the temporalis muscle?

Attaches at the coronoid process of the mandible to the temporal fossa

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Describe the masseter muscle?

It attaches to the angle of the mandible to the zygomatic arch

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Describe the medial pterygoid

it attaches to the angle of the mandible (medial side) to the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone

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What muscle opens the jaw?

The lateral pterygoid

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Describe the lateral pterygoid?

IT attaches to the condyle of the mandible to the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone

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What fibres does the mandible division of the trigemianal nerve contain?

Sensory and motor

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Which is the only CN to attach to the pons?

CN 3 - trigeminal nerve

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Describe the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

Tongue 
Hard palate 
Soft palate 
- arches of the soft palate 
Palatine tonsil - back of mouth 
Uvula 
Upper and lower dental arch 
Gingiva - gums

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What is aspiration?

The inhalation of liquid or solid matter into the lungs

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Describe the posterior part of the tongue?

Posterior = 1/3rd
In the oropharynx
Taste and general sensation - CNIX

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Describe the anterior part of the tongue?

Anterior = 2/3rd
In the oral cavity
Taste = CN VII
General sensory = CNV3

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Describe the papillae at the front of the tongue?

Filiform papillae - touch temperature etc

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Describe the papillae in the middle of the tongue?

Fungiform papillae - ALL with taste buds

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Describe the papillae in the back of the tongue?

Foliate papillae and vallate papillae

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Describe the innveration in the facial nerve? (CHECK)

Special sensory, sensory, motor and parasympathetic

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What CN is the facial nerve?

CN VII

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Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve come out of the base of the skull?

The sphenoid bone

The foramen ovale

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Where does the facial nerve comes out of the base of the skull?

The internal acoustic meatus

Stylomastoid foramen

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Describe what CNVII supplies?

The muscle of facial expression - after exiting at the internal acoustic meatus and the stylomastoid foramen

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Describe the branch, chords tympani, of the CN VII?

It connects with the lingual nerve branch of CNV3 and supplies taste to the anterior tongue and also parasympathetics

Describe what CNVII supplies after joining with the CNV3?

Supplies the sublingual salivary gland The parasymapethic axons of CNVII suppling the submandibular salivary gland

Describe the oral sensation of the superior half of the oral cavity?

General sensation felt via CN V2

What is the posterior wall of the oropharynx sensitive to and what half is it in?

In the superior half | Very sensitive to touch

Describe the oral sensation of the inferior half of the oral cavity?

General sensation via the CN V3

What is the gag reflex?

A proactive reflect that prevent foreign bodies from entering the pharynx or larynx

What is the sensory part of the gag reflex carried by?

Carried by nerve fibres within CN IX

What is the motor part of the gag reflex carried by?

Nerve fibres within CN IX and CV X

What happens in the gag relic in terms on constriction?

The patient tries to close off the pharynx and constricts it

What can you do prior to an endoscope to block the sensory action potentials in CNV2, V3 CNVII and CN IX?

Spray a loca anaesthetic on the area

What is the CN V2 known as?

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

What is the CN V3 known as?

The mandible division of the trigeminal nerve

Where does the CNV2 exit the base of the skull?

The sphenoid bone | The foramen rotundum

What fibres does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry CNIX?

Special sensory, sensory, motor, visceral afferent and parasympathetic

Where does the CNIX connect to the CNS?

The medualla

Where does the CNIX exit the base of the skull?

Junction between the temporal bone and occipital bone - jugular foramen

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply? (CHECK)

Axons mainly pass to or from the tongue and palate Posterior wall of the oropharynx Parasympathetic secreomotor to the parotid salivary glands.

Describe where you would find the parotid gland - surface anatomy?

Parotid duct crosses face secretes into mouth by upper 2nd molar. (anterior to ear at TMJ)

Describe where you would find the submandibular gland - surface anatomy?

Submandibular duct enters floor of the mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle

Describe where you would find the sublingual gland - surface anatomy?

Lays in the floor of the moth and secretes via several ducts superiorly. (under the tongue)

What are the 3 salivary glands?

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

What can clogging/blockage cause in salivary ducts?

Swelling due to back up of secretions

What nerves supply each of the salivary ducts?

Parotid - CN IX Submandibular - CN VII Sublingual - CNVII

Describe how the tongue is positioned in the oral cavity?

It is suspended in the oral cavity by 4 pairs of skeletal muscles

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Function to change to position of the tongue during mastication swallowing and speech.

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Modifiy the SHAPE of the tongue during function

What invevates all the tongue muscles bar one?

CN XII - hypoglossal nerve Except palatoglossus

What are the extrinsic muuscles of the tongue?

End in glossus Extrinsic muscles originate from elsewhere in the body and attach to the tongue. Palatoglossus Styloglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus

Where are the intrisinc muscles of the tongue?

They are located mainly dorsally/posteriorly.

What fibres does the hypoglossal nerve contain? CN XII

MOTOR ONLY

Where does the CNXII exit the base of the skull?

Occipital bone - hypoglossal canal (anterior wall of foramen magnum)

What does the hypoglossal nerve mostly supply?

The muscles of the tongue

What is the of the external layer pharynx innervated by?

CN X

at what level is the UOS?

What is the of the internal layer pharynx innervated by?

Mainly by CN X and CN IX

Describe the type of muscles of the pharynx external and internal?

External - circular | Internal - longitudinal

What do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx do?

longitudinal muscles of the pharynx (CN IX & X) elevate the larynx towards the epiglottis during swallowing reducing the size of the laryngeal inlet

Describe the stages of swallowing?

Tongue pushes bolus of food towards oropharynx Soft palate elevated, larynx elevated Circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles contracts Bolus of food enters oesophagus and travels inferiorly by peristalsis

What cranial nerve helps to prevent drooling?

CN VII

What cranial nerve pushes the bolus of food towards the oropharynx?

CN XII

What cranial nerve contracts the pharyngeal constrictor muscles to push the bolus down the to the oesophagus?

CN X

What cranial nerve contracts the longitudinal layers of the pharyngeal muscles, preventing aspiration by closing laryngeal inlet?

CN IX, CN X

What do parasympathetics and sympathetics do to peristalsis?

Para - speeds up | Sympathetic - slow down peristalsis

At what level does the oesophagus start?

What is the oesophageal plexus?

It runs of the surface to supply the smooth muscle on the walls contains parasympathetic fibres (vagal trunk) and sympathetics - influence ENS and peristalsis

Where does the oesophagus begin, what muscle?

The inferior edge of the cricopharyngeus muscles

What factors produce the sphincter effect?

Contraction of diaphragm Intrabdominal pressure slightly higher than intragastric pressure Oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of the stomach

What does the LOS help reduce?

Reflux

What is the Z-line

The abrupt change in type of mucosa lining in the wall between the LOS and stomach..

Name the parts of the stomach?

Cardia Fundus Body Pyloric antrum Lesser curvature Greater curvature Incisura angularis - is a small anatomical notch on the stomach located on the lesser curvature of the stomach near the pyloric end.