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GI anatomy > Anatomy of the upper GI tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of the upper GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of GI tract

A
  • Mastication - TMJ, muscle of the TMJ, face, tongue and dentition
  • Deglutition - Tongue, palate, phranyx and oesophagus
  • Taste- Mastication, Salivation and tongue
  • Salivation - Parotid gland, submandibular, subligual
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2
Q

What is the process of Mastication

A
  • Process of chewing and increaing surface area of food
  • Movement of TMJ and tongue
  • Facilitates taste and digestion by mixing food with saliva
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3
Q

What is the Buccinator muscle

A
  • Cheek muscle
  • When put food inside mouth the cheek pushes medially inside mouth
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4
Q

How many teeth do adults have

A
  • ​32 teeth
  • 16 upper and 16 lower
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5
Q

How many Quandrants are adult teeth divided into

A

four quadrants

  • Upper left and right
  • Lower left and right
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6
Q

What are the different types of dentition

A
  • Incisor - Number 1 and 2 - cutting food - sharpe
  • Canine- Number 3 - peircing and ripping teeth
  • Pre-molars - Number 4 and 5
  • Molars - Number 6, 7 and 8
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7
Q

Where the parotid gland drains its contents and dumps its saliva in the mouth

A

2nd maxillary molar

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8
Q

Describes the TMJ

A
  • Mandible + temporal bones
  • Mandibular fossa in the Temporal bones where for mandibular condylar process
  • Artericular tubercle is a process on zygomatic arch and lies anreries to the TMJ joint
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9
Q

What happens when the jaw is dilocated

A
  • TMJ is pushed anteiror to the articular tubercle
  • jaw cannot close
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10
Q

How many muscles of mastication and what are they?

A

There are 4 muscles of mastication - 3 closes jaw 1 opens jaw

  • Temporalis muscle
  • Masseter
  • Medial petrigoid
  • Lateral Petrigoid - Opens jaw
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11
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of mastication

A

Mandibular devision of the Trigemintal nerve - CN V3

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12
Q

Temporalis - Origin, insertion and function

A
  • From Temporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible
  • Function: pulls jaw up to close it
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13
Q

Masseter: orgin, insertion and function

A

Has two parts - Superficial part and Deep part

  • Geos from the angle of madible to the zygomatic arch
  • Function:
  1. ​Elevates the mandible
  2. Protrusion
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14
Q

Medial Pterygoid: orgin, insertion and function

A
  • Geos from the Deep angle of the mandible to the pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
  • Function: Closes jaw and protrusion
  • Mimic masseter on internal surface
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15
Q

Lateral Pterygoid: function, origin and insersion

A
  • Geos from the mandibular condyl to the pterygoid plates of sphenoid
  • Function:
  1. ​Pulls mandibular head forward toward articular tubercle
  2. Lower the mandible to open
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16
Q

Describes the Artiuclar disc of the tempomandibular joints

A
  • Location - between codylar process and mandibular fossa
  • Divides two cavities
  1. ​Superior cavity: for Translation- codyl and disc move out of socket
  2. Inferior cavity: for Rotation

Muscle attachment - Attaches to the lateral pterygoid anteriorly

  • Which pulls the condyle and disc forward
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17
Q

Describes the course of the mandibular division of the Trigemeninal nerve

A
  • Function: supplies sensory and motor fibers to the mandible
  • Comes off the Pons (only trigeminal nerve does this)
  • Goes through Foramen Ovale
  • To muscles of mastication
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18
Q

What is the anatomy of the Oral cavity

A
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19
Q

What is the Surface anatomy of the oral cavity

A
  • Tonsils are lymphoid tissue- located between the 2 arches of the soft palat
  • Uvula extends down from the soft palate
  • Gingiva - mucosa covering dentition - inflammation of this causes gum disease
20
Q

what are the 2 different divsions of the tongue and what separates these two parts

A

Sulcul terminalis - divides the 2 parts

Part 1 - Anterior 2/3rd

  • Horizontal part
  • Located in oral cavity
  • Taste - CNVII
  • General sensation CN V3

Part 2: Posterior 1/3rd

  • Verticle part
  • Located in oropharnyx
  • Generate sensation and taste - CN X
21
Q

What are the types of Papilla in the tongue

A
  • Follate papilla
  • Vallate papilla
  • Fungi-form papilla
  • Filliform papilla - no taste only 1
  • Tip of the tongue for temperature and touch only
22
Q

Decribes the cource of the Facial nerve CN VII

A
  • Function: special sensory, sensory, motor and parasympathetic
  • Comes of the pontomedullary junction (line between pons and inferior medulla)
  • Travels through tepora-bone via Acuostic meatus
  • Exits through the Stylomastoid foramen
23
Q

What does the Facial nerve CN VII supply

A
  • Taste - 2/3 anterior tongue
  • Muscles of fascial expression
  • Glands in floor of the mouth - submandibular and sub-parotid
24
Q

How can the facial nerve pick up tast fibres

A

As it leaves the Stylomastoid foramen it’s going to course down deep to mandible and head towards the tongue going through the middle ear- (now called Chorda tympani) will take taste fibers and parasympathetic to Sub-mandibular and sub- lingual –Connects to the Lingual nerve which comes from the Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve CNV3 – That’s how its able to pick up taste fibers from anterior 2/3 parts of the tongue

  • Picks up taste aswell as bring parasympathetic fibers to the glands of the mouth for salivation
25
Q

What are the sensations in the oral cavity

A

Superior half

  • Gingiva and palate - supplies by maxillary divsion of trigeminal nerve
  • CN V2

Inferior half

  • Gingiva and floor of mouth
  • CNV3

Intra-cranial lesions which losses sensation in upper or lower part of mouth can tell us which nerve is affected

26
Q

What is the Gag-reflex

A

Protective mechanism which prevents foriegn bodies form entering the pharynx and the larynx

27
Q

What are the Sensory and motor parts of the gag-reflex arch

A
  • Sensory part of the arch - Nerve fibres withing CN IX (glossophyrngeal never)
  • Motor part of arch - Nerve fibres within CN IX and CNX

Part of the reflex arch is constriction of the phyrnx to prevent entry on foriegn bodies

28
Q

What is it important to Anesthesise this area

A

To allow insertion of endoscope

Spraying a local anesthetic will block sensory action potentials in CN V2, CN V3, CN VII and CN IX

29
Q

What is the cource of Maxillary division of the Trigeminal nerve - CN V2

A

Carries sensory fibres

  • From Pons
  • Through Foramen Rotundum
  • To sensory area - mid face
30
Q

What is the course of the Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

A
  • From Medulla
  • Through Jugluar foramen (Also CN X and CN XI)

Supply

  • Motor - posterior wall of oropharynx
  • Motor - Parotid gland
  • Sensation and taste - posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
31
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the Salivary-Glands

A
32
Q

What happens if the glands are clogged of block

A
  • ​Swells up due to back up of secretions
  • Swells up when hungry and can cause pain if calcified
33
Q

How is the tongue positioned in the oral cavity

A

Suspended in the oral cavity by 4 pairs of skeletal muscles

34
Q

What are the Extrinsic mucle of the tongue and whats their function

A
  • 4 pairs- lay outside- skeletal mucle
  • Function - changes position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speach
35
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic mucles

A
  • Genioglossus - chin muscle
  • Hyogliossus - hyoid bone
  • Palatoglossus - soft palat
  • Styloglossus - stylo-process
36
Q

What is the nerve innervation to extrinsic mucles

A

all apart from platatoglossus -

are supplied by CN XII (hypoglossel nerve)

Motor fibres to tongue extrinsic mucles

37
Q

What is course of the Hypoglossel nerve CN XII

A
  • From the Medulla
  • Through hypoglossal canal
  • Motor fibres - to extrinsic and intrinsic mucles of the tongue
38
Q

What are the intrinsic mucles of the tongue

A
  • Also 4 pairs
  • locate dorsally/posteriorly
  • Function: modifies shape of the tongue during mastication
39
Q

What is the course of the hypoglossle nerve- CN XII

A
  • motor only!
  • From medulla
  • Exits skill at hypoglossel canal
  • To intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of the tongue except palatoglossus
40
Q

What are the muscle of the pharynx

A
  • 3 constrictor circular muscles- superior, middle and inferior
  • Contract from superior to inferior sequentially -insert into midline ruffle
  • All supplied by the Vagus nerve - CN X
41
Q

What is the Cricopharyngeus

A
  • Upper oesophageal Sphincter
  • location: C6
  • Circular muscle of the pharynx
42
Q

What are the longitudinal muscle of the pharynx

A
  • 3 muscle fibres -
  • Inervation: Vagus never - expect Stylophyarngeus (CN IX)
  • Function: both layers elevate pharynx and larynx
  • Contract to shorten pharynx - swallowing
  • Raise larynx to close over the laryngeal inlit - stops aspiration of food
43
Q

What is the Paraphyrangeal spacev

A
  • Lateral neck space shaped like an inverted cone- base at skull, apex at hyoid
  • Symphathetic chain
  • Common carotid
  • CNX
  • any injury to pharynx can affect these vessels
44
Q

What is the process of swallowing

A

Put food in mouth open oral cavity – chew food using dentition and use tongue to move food form side to side. Then tongue ripples to push food back towards the oropharynx. Soft palate is elevated – don’t want food to enter the nasopharynx- And larynx is elevated to flap epiglottis close prevent aspiration of food – constrictor muscles squeeze food down the pharynx – upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and esophagus receives the food

45
Q

What is the process of swallowing in-terms of nerve involved

A
46
Q
A

GI anatomy (5 decks)

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