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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy Of The Upper GI > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the GI tract?

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • most of the large intestine
  • most of the accessory organs of GI
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • anus
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2
Q

What is used o view inside the GI tract?

A

Endoscopy

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3
Q

What joint does the jaw open at?

A

The temporomandibular joints

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4
Q

What pairs of muscles are responsible for closing of the mouth/jaw?

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
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5
Q

Where does the Medial Pterygoid muscle attach?

A

connects the mandible with maxilla, sphenoid and palatine bones

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6
Q

Where does the Masseter muscle attach?

A

Attaches from the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and is inserted at the rear of the mandible

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7
Q

Where does the Temporalis muscle attach?

A

attaches to the coronoid process and the ramus of the mandible.

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8
Q

What muscle is responsible for the opening of the jaw/mouth?

A

Lateral Pterygoid

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9
Q

All muscles involving opening and closing of the mouth are supplied by what cranial nerve?

A

Supplied by the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve - CNV3

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10
Q

What course does the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CNV3) take?

A

From pons -> through foramen ovale -> spreads out to muscles of mastification and sensory area

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11
Q

The mandibular division of trigeminal nerve CNV3 is motor fibres

True or false

A

False

The mandibular division of trigeminal nerve CNV3 are motor AND sensory fibres

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12
Q

What structures does the oral cavity consist of?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • hard palate
  • Dens of C2 (a superior projecting bony element from the second cervical vertebrae)
  • oral cavity (begins just after the teeth)
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • mandible
  • hyoid bone
  • epiglottis
  • muscle of the floor of the mouth
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13
Q

What is the average adult dentition?

A
  • 32 teeth
  • all erupted by ages 18-25
  • 4 quadrants: upper right and left, lower left and right
  • the very back of all mouths are wisdom teeth (some peoples might not come out)
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14
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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15
Q

Where does the parotid duct enter the mouth?

A

Opposite the upper second molar

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16
Q

The posterior wall of the oropharynx is extremely sensitive to touch. This is part of the superior half of the oral cavity, what else os part of the superior half of the oral cavity?

A
  • gingiva or oral cavity and palate
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17
Q

The posterior wall of the oropharynx is extremely sensitive to touch. This is part of the superior half of the oral cavity, what cranial nerve supplies the sensation here and what type of sensation?

A
  • this is general sensation form CN V2
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18
Q

What is the gingiva?

A

The tissue of the upper and lower jaws that surrounds the base of the teeth

19
Q

What does the inferior part of the oral cavity consist of?

A
  • the gingiva of the oral cavity and floor of mouth
20
Q

What cranial nerve supplies sensation of the inferior half of the mouth? What type of sensation is this?

A
  • general sensation from CN V3
21
Q

Gag reflex:
What is its function and how does it do this?
What CN is the sensory part of the reflex?
What CN is the motor part of the reflex?

A
  • It is a protective reflex that constricts the pharynx as the patient tempts to close it off
  • sensory part: nerve fibres from CN IX
  • motor part: nerve fibres form CN IX and CN X
22
Q

What course does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) take?

A

From pons -> through foramen rotundum -> to sensory area (mid-face)

23
Q

What type of fibres is the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)?

A

Sensory fibres

24
Q

What course does the CN IX nerve take for the face?

A
  • from medulla
  • through jugular Formen
  • to posterior wall of oropharynx (sensory), parotid gland (secretomotor) and posterior 1/3rd toungue (sensation and taste)
25
Q

What type of nerve fibres does the CN IX nerve carry to the face?

A
  • Special sensory
  • sensory
  • motor
  • visceral afferent
  • parasympathetic
26
Q

The tongues sensation supply is divided into 2/3rds anterior (in oral cavity) and 1/3rd posterior (not in oral cavity). What CNs supply these areas?

A
  • the 2/3rds anterior (in oral cavity)
    • general sensory = CN V3
    • special sensory = CN VII (hypoglossal)
  • 1/3rd posterior (not in oral cavity)
    • general and special sensory supply = CX IX (glossopharyngeal)
27
Q

What course does the CN VII nerve take for the face?

A
  • from Pontomedullary junction
  • travels through temporal Bone via internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen
  • goes to supply:
    • taste: anterior 2/3rds tongue
    • muscles of facial expression
    • glands in floor of mouth
28
Q

What type of fibres does the CN VII carry?

A

Special sensory, sensory, motor and parasympathetic

29
Q

What is the branch that branches form CN VII that connects with lingual nerve branch of CN V3 called?

A

The chorda tympani

30
Q

What type of axons does the chorda tympani carry?

A
  • taste axons (for ant. 2/3rds of tongue)
  • parasympathetic axons (salivary glands)
31
Q

What are the 4 pairs of extrinsic muscles do the tongue?

A
  • palatoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • hypoglossus
  • genioglossus

*all supplied by CN XII (hypoglossal) except palatoglossus)

32
Q

What do the 4 pairs of intrinsic skeletal muscles of the tongue do?

A

Modify the shape of the tongue

33
Q

What course does the CN XII take for the face?

A
  • from medulla
  • through hypoglossal canal
  • to extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of tongue (except palatoglossus)
34
Q

What is the mechanism of swallowing?

A
  • tongue pushes bolts of food towards oropharynx (voluntary)
  • soft palate elevated, larynx elevated (involuntary)
  • circular layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles contract (involuntary)
  • bolus of food enters oesophagus and travels inferiorly by peristalsis (involuntary)
35
Q

What muscle is the upper oesophageal sphincter - which causes constriction when it contracts allowing a swallow

A

Cricopharyngeus

36
Q

What is the structure and anatomical landmarks of the oesophagus?

A
  • Begins at the inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle (vertebral level C6)
  • has an anatomical upper sphincter (cricopharyngeus) and a physiological lower oesophageal sphincter
  • oesophageal plexus runs on surface to supply smooth muscle within its walls (distally)
    • contains parasympathetic nerve fibres (vagal trunks) and sympathetic nerve fibres
    • these fibres influence the enteric nervous system to speed up (P) or slow down (S) peristalsis
  • terminates be entering the cardia of the stomach
37
Q

When does the oesophagus connect with the stomach?

A

Immediately after it passes the diaphragm

38
Q

Where dos the oesophagus sit in relation to the heart, trachea and vertebral bodies?

A
  • posterior to the heart (in the cheat) and trachea (in the root of the neck)
  • anterior to the vertebral bodies (in the root of the neck)
39
Q

Where is the thoracic constrictions of the oesophagus?

A
  • Arch of the aorta
  • left main bronchus
40
Q

What results in the diaphragmatic constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

From the oesophagus passing through the diaphragm, it is the Lower oesophageal sphincter

41
Q

Where does the oesophageal sphincter lie?

A
  • lies immediately superior to gastro-oesophageal junction
  • there is an abrupt change in the type of mucosa lining the wall ( Z-Line)
42
Q

What factors produce the sphincter effect in the lower oesophageal sphincter?

physiological rather than anatomical

A
  • contraction of the diaphragm
  • intrabdominal pressure slightly higher than intragastric pressure
  • oblique angle at which the oesophagus enters the cardia stomach
43
Q

Where does the stomach said to lie when Patient is supine?

A

Mainly in the left hypochodrium, epigastric and umbilical regions

44
Q

What is rugae in the stomach?

A

the redundant folds of gastric mucosa that are most prominent when the stomach is collapsed

Gastrointestinal (15 decks)

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