Anatomy Of The Respiratory System

Question 1

Describe the development of the respiratory system

Answer 1

The respiratory system grows out of the pharynx of the early GI tract and develops as a diverticulum as it continues to split as it grows

Question 2

What are the bony prominences on the sides of the nasal cavity called and what are their function

Answer 2

The nasal conchae increase the surface area and induce turbulent air flow to maximise the efficiency of gas exchange

Question 3

What plane is the nasal cavity in

Answer 3

Horizontal plane

Question 4

What are the functions of the nasal cavity

Answer 4

• speech
• moisten and warm air
• olfaction
• recovery of water from exhaled air
• induce turbulent air flow

Question 5

What do the Pharynx and larynx collectively do

Answer 5

Prevent food/liquids/air from going into the wrong tube

Question 6

What do the paranasal sinuses so

Answer 6

Complement the nasal cavities functions

Question 7

What makes up the larynx

Answer 7

Cartilaginous structure including the vocal cords

Question 8

What makes up the conducting airways

Answer 8

Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 9

What makes up the respiratory portion of the airway

Answer 9

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli sacs

Question 10

How many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 10

3

Question 11

How many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 11

2

Question 12

Describe the structure of the trachea

Answer 12

Anterior C shaped cartilage
Lack of cartilage at the back to allow the bolus in the oesophagus to bulge in
Muscles posteriorly to contract and constrict the lumen

Question 13

How many articulations does each rib have

Answer 13

3; 2 at the head of the rib with a vertebra from above and below and at the costotransverse joint

Question 14

Which vertebral body does a rib belong to

Answer 14

The vertebra to which its tubercle articulates with

Question 15

How do the ribs move during inhalation

Answer 15

Out with the sternum and up

Question 16

What causes the main increase in the size of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

Answer 16

The movement of the diaphragm

Question 17

What causes the movement of air into the lungs

Answer 17

The increase in volume of the thoracic cavity lowers the pressure inside so air moves in via Boyle’s law

Question 18

What is the shape of the diaphragm

Answer 18

Domed

Question 19

What nerve supplies the diaphragm

Answer 19

The phrenic nerve

Question 20

Why can you get shoulder tip pain due to damage to the diaphragm

Answer 20

As the phrenic nerve supplies innervation to C3/4/5 dermatomes which cover the shoulder

Question 21

True or false: the diaphragm is under autonomic control

Answer 21

False- its under somatic control

Question 22

What type of muscle is the diaphragm

Answer 22

Skeletal muscle

Question 23

What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles

Answer 23

External, internal and innermost

Question 24

What do the external intercostal muscles do

Answer 24

Contract to pull the ribs up during inhalation

Question 25

What do the internal and innermost intercostal muscles do

Answer 25

Contract to pull the ribs down during exhalation

Question 26

In what direction do the fibres of the intercostal muscles run

Answer 26

External - hands in pocket direction | Internal and innermost - perpendicular

Question 27

At what level does the vena cava pierce through the diaphragm

Answer 27

T8

Question 28

At what level does the oesophagus pierce through the diaphragm

Answer 28

T10

Question 29

At what level does the aortic hiatus pierce through the diaphragm

Answer 29

T12

Question 30

Name some accessory muscles of respiration

Answer 30

Pec major and sternocleidomastoid

Question 31

What NVB is found running through the costal groove

Answer 31

Intercostal vein, artery and nerve

Question 32

Where is the intercostal NVB found

Answer 32

At the bottom of the rib

Question 33

What is the venous drainage system for the intercostal muscles

Answer 33

Azygos drainage system

Question 34

Where does the Azygos venous system drain into

Answer 34

Superior vena cava

Question 35

How many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 35

3

Question 36

How many lobes does the left lobe have

Answer 36

2

Question 37

What are the 2 fissures separating the lobes of the right lung called

Answer 37

Horizontal and oblique

Question 38

What is the fissure separating the lobes of the left lung called

Answer 38

Oblique

Question 39

Which lobes of the right lung would you be listening to at the back of the chest

Answer 39

The inferior lobe (as that makes up most of the posterior lung)

Question 40

Why are foreign bodies more likely to go down the right bronchus

Answer 40

As it is more vertical than the left

Question 41

Describe the vessels in the hilum of the lung

Answer 41

The airways are posterior Pulmonary arteries are superior Pulmonary veins are inferior

Question 42

What is the mediastinum

Answer 42

The space between the lungs

Question 43

What structures are found in the superior mediastinum

Answer 43

Trachea, aortic arch

Question 44

What structures are found in the inferior mediastinum

Answer 44

Heart, descending aorta, oesophagus

Question 45

What are the 2 layers of pleura called

Answer 45

Parietal and visceral

Question 46

What is found in the pleural cavity

Answer 46

A fluid which helps the pleura stick together, stopping the lungs from recoiling

Question 47

What is the costophrenic recess

Answer 47

A space where the pleural cavity reflects - there is no lung tissue found here

Question 48

What is the purpose of the costophrenic recess

Answer 48

Allows the lungs to inflate during inhalation

Question 49

What is a pleural effusion

Answer 49

When fluid builds up in a recess of the pleural cavity - this could be from infection, inflammation etc

Question 50

What arteries supply the lung tissue

Answer 50

Bronchial arteries

Question 51

Roughly explain where the diaphragm sits

Answer 51

On the left it sits at the level of the 5th ICS but on the right it is at the level of the 4th ICS