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Year 1 LSS 2 > Anatomy of the Pelvis > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Through which point of the pelvic girdle does the sciatic nerve pass to the leg?

A. Greater sciatic notch
B. Anterior sacral foramen
C. Obturator foramen
D. Lesser sciatic notch

A

A. Greater sciatic notch

Most structures exiting the pelvic girdle leave via this route. The only things that pass through the lesser sciatic notch (which is smaller) are obturator internis; nerve to obturator internis; and the pudendal vasculature and nerve.

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2
Q

Concerning the anal canal, which of the following statements is incorrect?

A. The upper end of the anal canal is supplied by the superior rectal artery.
B. The upper canal drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
C. The upper canal and the lower canal differ in their embryological origin.
D. The upper canal is a site of portal-systemic anastomosis.

A

B. The upper canal drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

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3
Q

Which of the following is present in the male perineum only?

A. Glans
B. Bulbospongiosus
C. Corpus spongiosum
D. Vestibular glands

A

C. Corpus spongiosum

The female does not need a corpus spongiosum, as the erectile tissue (clitoris) and urethra are separated, unlike in males where it is necessary to avoid compression of the tube which would otherwise prevent ejaculation from occurring.

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4
Q

Concerning the urinary system, which of the following are false?

A. Arterial supply of the bladder is from derivatives of the posterior internal iliac artery.
B. Lymphatic drainage of the bladder is to the iliac lymph nodes.
C. Hyperplasia of the central zone of the prostate gland is a very common cause of urinary incontinence.
D. In females, the uterine artery crosses over the top of the ureter.
E. The ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles open into the urethra.

A

A. Arterial supply of the bladder is from derivatives of the posterior internal iliac artery.
FALSE - The superior and inferior vesical arteries supply the bladder and are branches of the anterior internal iliac artery

B. Lymphatic drainage of the bladder is to the iliac lymph nodes.
TRUE - pelvic organs drain to the internal and external iliac nodes. In contrast, lymphatic drainage of the perineum is to the inguinal group of nodes

C. Hyperplasia of the central zone of the prostate gland is a very common cause of urinary incontinence.
FALSE - Hyperplasia of the transitional zone (which surrounds the urethra) is very common in older men, leading to urinary leakage. (Prostate cancer is usually associated with the central zone

D. In females, the uterine artery crosses over the top of the ureter.
TRUE

E. The ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles open into the urethra.
FALSE - Seminal vesicles open into the vas defens; this combined duct is called the ejaculatory duct, and does open into the urethra.

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5
Q

True or false: blood supply and drainage of the pelvis.

A. The left testicular artery drains directly to the inferior vena cava.
B. The pampiniform plexus drains blood from the rectal area.
C. Arterial bleeding is usually due to laceration of the superior gluteal artery.
D. Pelvic drainage largely follows arterial supply.
E. The gluteus maximus is supplied by the superior gluteal artery.

A

A. The left testicular artery drains directly to the inferior vena cava.
FALSE - It drains into the left renal vein. In contrast, the right testicular vein DOES drain directly into the inferior vena cava

B. The pampiniform plexus drains blood from the rectal area.
FALSE - The pampiniform plexus drains venous blood from the testicles

C. Arterial bleeding is usually due to laceration of the superior gluteal artery.
TRUE - This is because it is closely related to the sacro-ilial joint.

D. Pelvic drainage largely follows arterial supply.
TRUE

E. The gluteus maximus is supplied by the superior gluteal artery.
FALSE. The gluteus maximus is supplied by the inferior gluteal artery

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6
Q

Which of the following structures provides an attachment point for the bulbospongiosus and external anal sphincter muscles?

A. Coccyx
B. Ischial tuberosity
C. Perineal body
D. Pubic symphysis
E. Sacrotuberous ligament
A

C. Perineal body

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7
Q

Which of the following ligaments separates the greater sciatic foramen from the lesser sciatic foramen?

A. Iliolumbar
B. Posterior sacroiliac
C. Sacrococcygeal
D. Sacrospinous
E. Sacrotuberous
A

D. Sacrospinous

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8
Q

Which of the following muscles is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres?

A. Bulbospongiosus
B. Internal urethral sphincter
C. Ischiocavernosus
D. Levator ani
E. Superficial transverse perineus
A

B. Internal urethral sphincter

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9
Q

Nitric oxide mediates the engorgement of male erectile tissues and is released by which of the following nerves innervating the blood vessels of these tissues?

A. Genitofemoral
B. Ilioinguinal
C. Pelvic splanchnics
D. Pudendal 
E. Superior hypogastric plexus
A

C. Pelvic splanchnics

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10
Q

The pelvic diaphragm is an important support structure for the pelvic viscera and is formed by two muscles, the levator ani and which of the following?

A. Coccygeus
B. Piriformis
C. Obsturator externus
D. Obturator internus
E. Superficial transverse perineus
A

A. Coccygeus

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11
Q

The portion of the male urethra that passes through the penis is known as?

A. Bulbous urethra
B. Cavernosus urethra
C. Membranous urethra
D. Prostatic urethra
E. Spongy urethra
A

E. Spongy urethra

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12
Q

During defecation, which of the following muscles is relaxed by the action of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A. Colonic smooth muscle
B. External anal sphincter
C. Internal anal sphincter
D. Levator ani
E. Piriformis
A

C. Internal anal sphincter

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13
Q

Which of the following lymph node collections is most likely to receive lymphatic drainage from the labia majora?

A. External iliac nodes
B. Internal iliac nodes
C. Lumbar nodes
D. Para-aortic nodes
E. Superficial inguinal nodes
A

E. Superficial inguinal nodes

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14
Q

External haemorrhoids are most likely to involve which of the following veins?

A. Inferior rectal
B. Internal pudendal
C. Internal rectal plexus
D. Medial rectal
E. Pampiniform plexus
A

A. Inferior rectal

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15
Q

Pain afferent from the body of the uterus travel in which of the following nerves?

A. Ilioinguinal
B. Lumbar splanchnics
C. Pelvic splanchnics
D. Pudendal
E. Superior hypogastric plexus
A

B. Lumbar splanchnics

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16
Q

Which of the following structures, in addition to the pelvic diaphragm and broad ligament, provide the strongest support for the uterus?

A. Cardinal (transverse ligaments)
B. Median umbilical ligament
C. Obturator internus muscle
D. Round ligament of the uterus
E. Uterovaginal fascia
A

A. Cardinal (transverse ligaments)

17
Q

A countercurrent cooling mechanism is characteristic of which of the following set of veins?

A. Internal pudendal
B. Left testicular
C. Pampiniform
D. Portal
E. Prostatic
A

C. Pampiniform

18
Q

Local anaesthesia to the female vestibule would be targeted toward which of the following nerve?

A. Ilioinguinal
B. Genitofemoral
C. Obturator
D. Pelvic splanchnics
E. Pudendal
A

E. Pudendal

19
Q

Which of the following passageways from the pelvis to the gluteal region transmits the gluteal vessels and nerves?

A. Femoral canal
B. Greater sciatic foramen
C. Obturator foramen
D. Pelvic outlet
E. Superficial inguinal ring
A

B. Greater sciatic foramen

20
Q

During childbirth, stretching of which of the following structures will most likely lead to urinary incontinence?

A. Bulbospongiosus muscle
B. Ischiocavernosus muscle
C. Levator ani
D. Sphincter urethrae muscle
E. Superficial transverse perineal muscle
A

D. Sphincter urethrae muscle

21
Q

Which of the following structures lubricates the vaginal opening during sexual arousal?

A. Bulbourethral glands
B. Cervical mucous glands
C. Cooper’s glands
D. Glans clitoris
E. Greater vestibular glands
A

E. Greater vestibular glands

Aka Bartholin’s glands

22
Q

Which of the following statements comparing the male and female pelvises is incorrect?

A. The pelvic inlet is generally smaller and heart-shaped in males, and larger and oval-shaped in females
B. The subpubic angle in females is approximately 80-85 degrees
C. The distance between the pubic symphysis and the anterior border of the acetabulum is greater than the diameter of the acetabulum in females (and equal in males)
D. The crests of the ischiopubic rami are more pronounced in males, and absent in females
E. The greater sciatic notch is more acute in females and broader in males

A

E. The greater sciatic notch is more acute in females and broader in males.

Greater sciatic notch is more acute in males

23
Q

Which of the following traces the correct path of the male urethra?

A. External urethral orifice –> Penile urethra –> Navicular Fossa –> Bulbar urethra –> internal urethral sphincter & Membranous urethra –> Prostatic urethra –> external urethral sphincter –> Internal urethral orifice
B. Internal urethral orifice –> external urethral sphincter –> Prostatic urethra –> Internal urethral sphincter & Membranous urethra –> Bulbar urethra –> Penile urethra –> Navicular Fossa –> External urethral orifice
C. Internal urethral orifice –> internal urethral sphincter –> Prostatic urethra –> External urethral sphincter & Membranous urethra –> Bulbar urethra –> Navicular Fossa –> Penile urethra –> External urethral orifice
D. External urethral orifice –> Navicular Fossa –> Penile Urethra –> Bulbar urethra –> External urethral sphincter & Membranous urethra –> Prostatic urethra –> Internal urethral sphincter –> Internal urethral orifice
E. External urethral orifice –> Navicular Fossa –> Penile urethra –> External urethral sphincter & Membranous urethra –> Bulbar urethra –> Prostatic urethra –> Internal urethral sphincter –> Internal urethral orifice

A

D. External urethral orifice –> Navicular Fossa –> Penile Urethra –> Bulbar urethra –> External urethral sphincter & Membranous urethra –> Prostatic urethra –> Internal urethral sphincter –> Internal urethral orifice

24
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the ligaments of the pelvis is incorrect?

A. The iliolumbar ligament connects the transverse process of L5 to the iliac crest
B. The sacroiliac joint is a synovial joint, reinforced by the anterior, posterior and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments
C. The sacrospinous ligament joins the sacrum to the iliac spine.
D. Both the pubic symphysis and sacrococcygeal joint are cartilaginous joints.
E. The lesser sciatic foramen is defined by the sacrospinous ligament, the sacrotuberous ligament, and ischial spine.

A

C. The sacrospinous ligament joins the sacrum to the iliac spine.

Sacrospinous ligament joins the sacrum to the ischial spine

25
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the pelvic floor is incorrect?

A. The pelvic diaphragm attaches superiorly to the pelvic walls, dividing the greater sciatic foramen and the lesser sciatic foramen
B. The superficial perineal “pouch” contains three pairs of muscles: the bubospongiosus muscles, the ischiocavernosus muscles, and the superficial transverse perineal muscles.
C. The levator ani muscle consists of the puborectalis muscle, the anococcygeal muscle, and the iliococcygeal muscle.
D. Innervation of the levator ani muscle comes from the pudendal nerve, branches from S2-S4
E. The deep perineal “pouch” lies superior to the perineal membrane, and contains the external urethral sphincter muscle.

A

C. The levator ani muscle consists of the puborectalis muscle, the anococcygeal muscle, and the iliococcygeal muscle.

Levator ani muscle consists of puborectalis, pubococcygeal, and iliococcygeal.

Year 1 LSS 2 (4 decks)

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