Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

Question 1

main functions of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

movement, stability, shape and support

Question 2

axial skeleton

Answer 2

head, neck and trunk

Question 3

appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

limbs and girdles

Question 4

flat bones

Answer 4

protective, e.g. sternum

Question 5

long bones

Answer 5

tubular and provide leverage, e.g. femur

Question 6

sesamoid bones

Answer 6

develop in tendons, protect tendons, e.g. patella

Question 7

irregular bones

Answer 7

complex shape, protection, e.g. vertebrae

Question 8

short bones

Answer 8

cuboidal, for stability, support and some movement, e.g. tarsals

Question 9

periosteum

Answer 9

fibrous connective tissue covering on the outer layer of bone

Question 10

endosteum

Answer 10

fibrous connective tissue covering on the inner layer of bone

Question 11

perichondrium

Answer 11

fibrous connective tissue covering articular cartilage

Question 12

cortical bone

Answer 12

dense bone tissue (on outer layer)

Question 13

trabecular bone

Answer 13

interconnected struts (trabeculae)

Question 14

medullary cavity

Answer 14

hollow part of bone containing bone marrow

Question 15

what are the three main classifications of joint type

Answer 15

cartilaginous, fibrous and synovial

Question 16

name three types of fibrous joints

Answer 16

sutures, syndesmosis and gomphosis

Question 17

what is the main function of fibrous joints

Answer 17

stability

Question 18

sutures

Answer 18

fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull

Question 19

syndesmosis

Answer 19

slightly movable fibrous joint like the joint between the radius and ulna

Question 20

gomphosis

Answer 20

fibrous joint that binds the teeth to bony teeth sockets

Question 21

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 21

primary (synchondroses) and secondary (symphyses)

Question 22

primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)

Answer 22

• temporary or permanent
• covered by hyaline cartilage

Question 23

example of a temporary primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 23

epiphyseal growth plate

Question 24

example of a permanent primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 24

first sternocostal joint

Question 25

secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses)

Answer 25

permanent unions by fibrocartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis

Question 26

synovial joints

Answer 26

-joint capsule spans and encloses joint - lined by synovial cartilage and articular cartilage - filled with lubricating synovial fluid for mobility - several types

Question 27

types of synovial joints

Answer 27

pivot joints, hinge, saddle, ball and socket, condyloid and plane joints

Question 28

pivot joints

Answer 28

type of synovial joint that rotates around an axis, example atlanto-axial joint

Question 29

hinge joint

Answer 29

type of synovial joint that permits flexion and extension, example: ulnohumeral joint (elbow)

Question 30

saddle joints

Answer 30

type of synovial joint that permits flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, example: Carpometacarpal joint of 1st digit (thumb joint)

Question 31

ball and socket joints

Answer 31

movement in multiple axes and planes, example: hip joint

Question 32

condyloid joints

Answer 32

permits flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, example: wrist joint

Question 33

plane joints

Answer 33

sliding movements, example: Acromioclavicular joint

Question 34

ligaments

Answer 34

fibrous bands of dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Question 35

what is then function of ligaments

Answer 35

stabilize articulating bones and reinforce joints

Question 36

what are the three classifications of ligaments

Answer 36

-capsular -intracapsular -extracapsular

Question 37

what are the three types of muscle

Answer 37

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

Question 38

function of skeletal muscle

Answer 38

they are organs of locomotion (voluntary), the provide support, form and heat

Question 39

organization of skeletal muscle

Answer 39

regular striated pattern - made up of cylindrical muscle cells bundled together to form fascicles

Question 40

structure of skeletal muscle cells

Answer 40

cylindrical with multiple elongated nuclei located peripherally cytoplasm has alternating dark and light bands (overlapping bands of actin and myosin)

Question 41

list the classifications of skeletal muscle

Answer 41

pennate, convergent, circular or sphincter, fusiform and flat

Question 42

pennate muscle

Answer 42

-fascicles attach obliquely -Can be bipennate (e.g. Rectus femoris- part of quadriceps) , unipennate (e.g. extensor digitorum - in forearm) or multipennate (e.g. deltoid muscle)

Question 43

convergent muscles

Answer 43

arise from a broad area and converge to form a single attachment, e.g. pectoralis muscle

Question 44

circular or sphincter muscles

Answer 44

surrounds opening and constricts when contracted

Question 45

fusiform muscles

Answer 45

spindle shaped with thick round bellies and tapered ends

Question 46

flat muscles

Answer 46

parallel fibers

Question 47

tendons

Answer 47

- connect muscle to bone -dense connective tissue transmits mechanical force

Question 48

what are the three types of muscle contractions ?

Answer 48

-Reflexive (automatic, e.g. diaphragm - Tonic (muscle tone e.g. posture) - phasic

Question 49

what are the two types of phasic contractions

Answer 49

isotonic and isometric

Question 50

isotonic contraction

Answer 50

-muscle changes length -two types: concentric- muscle shortening eccentric- muscle lengthening

Question 51

isometric contractions

Answer 51

muscle length remains the same

Question 52

example of antagonist muscle pairs

Answer 52

-bicep curl : fixed muscle origin and movable muscle insertion - biceps is the prime mover/agonist undergoing concentric contraction -triceps is the antagonist which relaxes