Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards
main functions of the musculoskeletal system
movement, stability, shape and support
axial skeleton
head, neck and trunk
appendicular skeleton
limbs and girdles
flat bones
protective, e.g. sternum
long bones
tubular and provide leverage, e.g. femur
sesamoid bones
develop in tendons, protect tendons, e.g. patella
irregular bones
complex shape, protection, e.g. vertebrae
short bones
cuboidal, for stability, support and some movement, e.g. tarsals
periosteum
fibrous connective tissue covering on the outer layer of bone
endosteum
fibrous connective tissue covering on the inner layer of bone
perichondrium
fibrous connective tissue covering articular cartilage
cortical bone
dense bone tissue (on outer layer)
trabecular bone
interconnected struts (trabeculae)
medullary cavity
hollow part of bone containing bone marrow
what are the three main classifications of joint type
cartilaginous, fibrous and synovial
name three types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmosis and gomphosis
what is the main function of fibrous joints
stability
sutures
fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull
syndesmosis
slightly movable fibrous joint like the joint between the radius and ulna
gomphosis
fibrous joint that binds the teeth to bony teeth sockets
what are the two types of cartilaginous joints
primary (synchondroses) and secondary (symphyses)
primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
- temporary or permanent
- covered by hyaline cartilage
example of a temporary primary cartilaginous joint
epiphyseal growth plate
example of a permanent primary cartilaginous joint
first sternocostal joint
secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses)
permanent unions by fibrocartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis
synovial joints
-joint capsule spans and encloses joint
- lined by synovial cartilage and articular cartilage
- filled with lubricating synovial fluid for mobility
- several types
types of synovial joints
pivot joints, hinge, saddle, ball and socket, condyloid and plane joints
pivot joints
type of synovial joint that rotates around an axis, example atlanto-axial joint
hinge joint
type of synovial joint that permits flexion and extension, example: ulnohumeral joint (elbow)
saddle joints
type of synovial joint that permits flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, example: Carpometacarpal joint of 1st digit (thumb joint)
ball and socket joints
movement in multiple axes and planes, example: hip joint
condyloid joints
permits flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, example: wrist joint
plane joints
sliding movements, example: Acromioclavicular joint
ligaments
fibrous bands of dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone
what is then function of ligaments
stabilize articulating bones and reinforce joints
what are the three classifications of ligaments
-capsular
-intracapsular
-extracapsular
what are the three types of muscle
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
function of skeletal muscle
they are organs of locomotion (voluntary), the provide support, form and heat
organization of skeletal muscle
regular striated pattern
- made up of cylindrical muscle cells bundled together to form fascicles
structure of skeletal muscle cells
cylindrical with multiple elongated nuclei located peripherally
cytoplasm has alternating dark and light bands (overlapping bands of actin and myosin)
list the classifications of skeletal muscle
pennate, convergent, circular or sphincter, fusiform and flat
pennate muscle
-fascicles attach obliquely
-Can be bipennate (e.g. Rectus femoris- part of quadriceps) , unipennate (e.g. extensor digitorum - in forearm) or multipennate (e.g. deltoid muscle)
convergent muscles
arise from a broad area and converge to form a single attachment, e.g. pectoralis muscle
circular or sphincter muscles
surrounds opening and constricts when contracted
fusiform muscles
spindle shaped with thick round bellies and tapered ends
flat muscles
parallel fibers
tendons
- connect muscle to bone
-dense connective tissue
transmits mechanical force
what are the three types of muscle contractions ?
-Reflexive (automatic, e.g. diaphragm
- Tonic (muscle tone e.g. posture)
- phasic
what are the two types of phasic contractions
isotonic and isometric
isotonic contraction
-muscle changes length
-two types:
concentric- muscle shortening
eccentric- muscle lengthening
isometric contractions
muscle length remains the same
example of antagonist muscle pairs
-bicep curl : fixed muscle origin and movable muscle insertion
- biceps is the prime mover/agonist undergoing concentric contraction
-triceps is the antagonist which relaxes
