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Respiratory System > Anatomy Of The Lower Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Lower Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the trachea commence?

A

Lower border of the larynx at cricoid cartilage C6

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2
Q

What is the trachea anterior to?

A

The oesophagus

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3
Q

Where does the trachea lie?

A

Within a visceral compartment of the neck, surrounded by a pre-tracheal layer of fascia
Extends medically in front of carotid sheath

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4
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

At T5-carina

Right and left bronchi

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5
Q

What plane does the trachea lie in?

A

Oblique plane and is tilted anterosuperiorly

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6
Q

When the trachea enters the superior thoracic aperture, what does it connect?

A

The root of the neck with the thorax

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7
Q

Where do the superior aspects of the pleural cavities, which surround the lungs, lie?

A

On either side of the entrance to the mediastinum

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8
Q

In comparison to structures entering the thorax from the upper limb, how do the structures entering from the head and neck enter?

A

More vertically

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9
Q

Where does the superior mediastinum end?

A

T4/T5

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10
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

T4/T5

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11
Q

Where does the trachea divide into left and right bronchi?

A

Level of sternal angle

T4/T5

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12
Q

What is the treacherous kept patent by?

A

The fibroelastic tube is kept patent by U shaped bars (rings) of hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

What are the posterior free ends of the trachea connected by?

A

Smooth muscle : trachealis

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14
Q

What are the 2 cartilages in the larynx?

A

Thyroid and cricoid

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa (goblet cells - mucin)
Submucosa
Fibrocartilage
Adventita

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16
Q

What is the mucosa of the trachea made of?

A

Goblet cells (mucin)

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17
Q

What is the role of the adventitia in the trachea?

A

Binds trachea to adjacent structures in the neck and mediastinum

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18
Q

What protects the alveoli from desiccation?

A

Secretions of mucous and serous glands moisten the air, protecting the alveoli from desiccation

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the right main bronchus?

A

Wider and shorter (2.5cm length)

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the left main bronchus?

A

Harrowers, longer and more horizontal (5cm length)

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21
Q

Where is the inhalation of foreign bodies more likely to enter?

A

Right bronchus, passing into middle or lower lobe bronchi

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22
Q

What does bronchoscopy enable examination of?

A

Trachea to carina
Permits view of lobar and segmental bronchi
Can be used for biopsy of mucous membrane and removal of foreign bodies

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23
Q

Where does bifurcation of the trachea occur?

A

Behind the arch of the aorta into left and right principle bronchi

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24
Q

What do respiratory bronchioles divide into?

A

2-11 alveolar ducts that enter alveolar sacs

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25
Q

How does the bronchial tree divide?

A 
Left/right man bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Terminal bronchus
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar 
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sacs
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26
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

Fold of pleura that projects inferiorly from root of lung

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27
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary ligament?

A

Stabilises the inferior long

Permits movement during respiration

28
Q

Where do the vagus nerve pass at hilum of the lung?

A

Pass immediately posterior to lung root and phrenic nerves immediately anterior

29
Q

What artery branches off the arch of the aorta on the hilum of the left lung?

A

Left subclavian artery

30
Q

What is in the hila of the lungs?

A

Right/left main bronchus - posterior
Bronchial arteries
Pulmonary arteries - superior
Pulmonary veins - inferior

31
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes
Superior
Middle
Inferior

32
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes

Superior and inferior

33
Q

What is the fissure on the left lung?

A

Oblique fissure between superior and inferior lobe

34
Q

What is the fissure on the right lung between the superior and middle lobe?

A

Horizontal fissure

35
Q

What is the fissure on the right lobe between the middle and inferior lobe?

A

Oblique fissure

36
Q

What is the notch on the left lung called?

A

Cardiac notch

Lingula is below

37
Q

What does the inferior border of the lung do?

A

Separates base from costal and mediastinal surfaces

38
Q

What does the anterior and posterior border of the lungs do?

A

Separates the costal and mediastinal surfaces anteriorly and posteriorly

39
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

An area of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and accompanying pulmonary artery branch
Smallest, functionally independent until of a lung and smallest area that can be isolated and removed without affecting adjacent regions

40
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments shaped like?

A

An irregular cone with an apex facing the lung root and base at the pleural surface

41
Q

What is a principal function of the thoracic wall and the diaphragm?

A

To alter the volume of the thoracic cavity

Dimensions may change in vertical, transverse, and anteroposterior directions

42
Q

What significantly alters the vertical dimensions of the thorax?

A

Elevation and depression of the diaphragm

43
Q

What alters the anteroposterior dimensions of the thorax?

A

Elevation and depression of the ribs

44
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

A 
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Peripheral T5-T12 (intercostal)
45
Q

Where do the IVC, Oesophagus and Aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

IVC - T8
Oesophagus - T10
Aorta - T12

46
Q

Where is the sternocostal attachment of the diaphragm?

A

Posterior xiphoid process

Deep surface of lower 6 ribs

47
Q

Where is the vertebral attatchment of the diaphragm?

A

Crura and arcuate ligaments

48
Q

Where does the right crus attach?

A

L1-L3

49
Q

Where does the left crus attach?

A

L1-L2

50
Q

What kind of membrane is the pleura?

A

Serous membrane

51
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Smooth membrane which secretes serous fluid
2 membranes of epithelial cells
Line and enclose body cavities
One continuous layer in each cavity

52
Q

How many membranes of epithelial cells is the pleura?

A

2 membranes of epithelial cells

53
Q

What layers of pleura lines body walls?

A

Parietal

54
Q

What layers of pleura lines organs or viscera?

A

Visceral

55
Q

What do reflections of serous membranes in the pleura form?

A

Potential spaces

56
Q

What are the divisions of the parietal pleura?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Costal
  3. Diaphragmatic
  4. Mediastinal
  5. Pulmonary ligament - allows increased mobility during respiration
57
Q

Where does he visceral pleura extend?

A

Extends into the interlobar fissures
Parietal and visceral pleura are continuous around the hilum of the lung
Between parietal and visceral layers is the pleural cavity

58
Q

What kind of nerve supply does parietal pleura have?

A

Somatic nerve supply

59
Q

What are the costal and peripheral pleura innervated by?

A

Intercostal nerves

60
Q

What are mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura innervated by?

A

Phrenic nerve C3,C4,C5

61
Q

What is the parietal pleura sensitive to?

A

Touch, temperature and pressure (PAIN)

62
Q

What is the innervation of the visceral pleura?

A

AUTONOMIC nervous system
Pulmonary plexus
From the sympathetic trunk and VAGUS nerve
Response to distension
Not sensitive to touch, temperature or pressure

63
Q

What is the difference in pressure in intrapleural and atmospheric pressure?

A

Normally intrapleural pressure is < atmospheric pressure : negative pressure
Due to recoil of chest wall and lungs away from each other
Keeps the lungs inflated

64
Q

What happens if intrapleural pressure becomes equal to or exceeds atmospheric pressure?

A

Lungs will collapse

  • pleural effusion
  • pneumothorax
65
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Excess fluid in the pleural cavity

Limits breathing as it hinders expansion of the lung

66
Q

What are the main causes of pleural effusion?

A

Injection or inflammation of pleura or left ventricular heart failure

Respiratory System (4 decks)

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