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Endo-Repro I > Anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands > Flashcards

Anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior border of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamic sulcus.

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2
Q

What is the anterior border of the hypothalamus?

A

The anterior commissure (fiber bundle)

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3
Q

What is the anterior/inferior border of the hypothalamus?

A

The optic chiasm.

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4
Q

What is the inferior/posterior border of the hypothalamus?

A

The mammillary body.

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5
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

Basal ganglia (large mass of tissue).

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6
Q

What is the hypothalamus functionally linked to?

A

The functions of the “HEAL” mnemonic.

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7
Q

What does the H in HEAL stand for?

A

Homeostatic control (hunger, thirst, ect).

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8
Q

What does the E in heal stand for?

A

Endocrine systems (via pituitary)

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9
Q

What does the A in HEAL stand for?

A

Autonomic control systems and pattern generators

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10
Q

What does the L in HEAL stand for?

A

Limbic mechanisms (generation of emotion driven behaviors, semantic memory).

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11
Q

What are the divisions of the medial hypothalamus?

A
  • Preoptic
  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
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12
Q

What is the anterior division of the medial hypothalamus also called?

A

The supraoptic region.

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13
Q

What is the middle division of the medial hypothalamus also called?

A

The tuberal region.

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14
Q

What is the posterior division of the medial hypothalamus also called?

A

The mammillary region.

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15
Q

What portion of the hypothalamus does the pituitary attach/arise from?

A

The middle (tuberal) region.

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16
Q

What is the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) divided into?

A

The infundibular stalk and posterior lobe.

17
Q

What is the fiber tract that runs in a rostrocaudal direction through the lateral hypothalamus?

A

The median forebrain bundle.

18
Q

What is the cerebral ventricle related to the hypothalamus?

A

The third ventricle.

19
Q

What is the subarachnoid cistern associated with the hypothalamus?

A

The suprastellar cistern.

20
Q

What is the suprastellar cistern?

A

A CSF filled cistern located above the sella turcica and underneath the hypothalamus. Is one of the subdivisions of the interpenduncular cistern.

21
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

A CT sheath that separates the pituitary gland from the interpenduncular cistern.

22
Q

What branches from the circle of willis supply the anterior hypothalamus?

A

The anterior hypothalamus is supplied by the anterior cerebral arteries (left and right) and the anterior communicating artery.

23
Q

What branches from the circle of willis supply the tubular hypothalamus?

A

The middle hypothalamus is supplied by the internal carotid arteries (left and right) as well as the posterior communicating artery.

24
Q

What branches from the circle of willis supply the posterior hypothalamus?

A

The posterior hypothalamus is supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries (left and right) and the posterior communicating arteries (left and right).

25
Q

What is the meningeal space that fills with blood when a circle of willis aneurysm ruptures?

A

The subarachnoid space.

26
Q

What is the shape of an epidural hematoma?

A

It is biconvex due to the periosteum attachments at the suture lines.

27
Q

What is the shape of a subdural hematoma?

A

They are crescent shaped.

28
Q

What does a subarachnoid hematoma present with?

A

Blood filled sulci.

29
Q

What artery supplies the first capillary bed of of the hypophyseal portal system?

A

The superior hypophyseal artery (branch of the internal carotid that supplies the anterior pituitary).

30
Q

What part of the pituitary stalk does not posses a blood brain barrier?

A

The median eminence.

31
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei projects axons to the posterior pituitary?

A

The paraventricular nucleus and supra-optic nucleus (oxytocin and ADH respectively).

32
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus projects axons to the median eminence?

A

The Medial Preoptic, Paraventricular (Parvocellularis), Arcuate, and Periventricular Nuclei. Release neurohormones that control anterior pituitary function (medial eminence to portal veins).

33
Q

What is the nasal sinus subjacent to the pituitary gland?

A

The sphenoid sinus.

34
Q

What drains the cavernous sinus?

A

The superior and inferior petrosal sinuses which ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein.

35
Q

What also drains the cavernous sinus?

A

The pterygoid plexus via the ophthalmic veins (act as emissary veins).

36
Q

What is the interior border of the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum.

37
Q

What portion of the hypothalamus is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts?

A

The medial hypothalamus.

38
Q

What fiber tracts separate the medial hypothalamus from the lateral hypothalamus.

A

The fornix (fiber bundle from the hippocampus) and the mammillothalamic tract.

Endo-Repro I (12 decks)

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