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CV Unit I > Anatomy of the Heart (complete) > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

1) Distributes dissolved gases & nutrients
2) Removes metabolic waste
3) Control temp, O2 supply, pH, ionic composition
4) quickly adapts to changes in conditions and metabolic demands

OVERALL: to maintain homeostasis (really important)

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the CV system?

A

1) Heart
2) Blood
3) Vasculature

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3
Q

Describe the heart as a dual pump

A

Left side:
higher pressure, serves the systemic circulation

Right:
lower pressure, serves pulm circulation

No direct connection between right and left sides

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4
Q

Why is the right and left heart relationship described as a series?

A
  • Because they’re not directly connected

- Output of left/right sides must be closely matched

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5
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A
  • Low pressure

- Single pathway through a single set of capillary beds

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6
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A
  • Higher pressure

- Multiple pathways from heart to systemic beds

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7
Q

Describe what it means when that systemic circulation is arranged in parallel

A
  • Blood only goes to one part of the body and then goes straight back to the heart
  • Changes in flow/demand in one organ does not directly affect others
  • Blood flow to different organs regulated independently to match metabolic demand
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8
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • L/R Atria

- L/R Ventricles

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9
Q

Describe the purpose of the ventricles

A
  • Main pumpers!
  • Left: supplies higher pressure systemic circulation — BIGGER & THICKER than right
  • Left also does more work — uses more O2
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10
Q

Describe the purpose of the atria

A
  • Small “primer” chambers
  • Supply blood to ventricles
  • Have thinner walls than ventricles
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11
Q

What are the 4 vessels of the heart?

A

1) Vena Cavae
2) Pulmonary a.
3) Pulmonary v.
4) Aorta

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12
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A

1) Tricuspid
2) Pulmonary
3) Mitral
4) Aortic

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13
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between RA and RV

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14
Q

Where is the pulmonic valve located?

A

Between RV and Pulm a.

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15
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

Between LA and LV

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16
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Between LV and aorta

17
Q

Describe the heart valves

A
  • One-way
  • Pressure operated
  • Passive

No contractile fibers in valve

18
Q

Describe the blood flow pathway through the heart

A

S/IVC => RA (contraction, ^ pressure) => Tricuspid valve opens => RV (contraction) => pulmonic valve opens => pulmonary circulation (artery then vein) => LA (contraction) => mitral valve opens => LV (contraction) => aortic valve opens => aorta => blood circulation

19
Q

What are the major types of blood vessels?

A
  • Aorta
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Veins/venules
  • Vena cavae
20
Q

Describe the aorta

A
  • Single outlet from left side of heart
  • Dampens pulsatile pressure

Diameter: ~25mm

21
Q

Describe arteries

A
  • Thick walled, resist expansion
  • Distributes blood to organs

Diameter: ~0.2 to 6.0mm

22
Q

Describe arterioles

A
  • Thicker walls than arteries (more smooth muscle)
  • Highly innervated, sensitive to hormones, metabolites
  • Primary site of regulation of vasculature resistance

Diameter: ~10 to 70 microm

23
Q

Describe capillaries

A
  • Smallest vessels
  • Walls => single cell layer of endo cells

Diameter: <10 microm

24
Q

Describe venules, veins

A
  • Thin walls => similar diameter to arteries
  • Holds most of blood volume
  • Low pressure
  • Has one-way valves to ensure blood flows in one direction
25
Q

Describe the vena cavae

A
  • Two branches: superior and inferior
  • Large diameter (25-30 mm)
  • Very low pressure
26
Q

Describe the arrangement of microcirculation

A
  • Arterioles to venules (AKA capillaries)
  • Capillaries are site for gas, nutrient and waste exchange
  • Blood flow determined by pressure gradients
  • Blood flow regulated by arterioles and pre-cap sphincters
27
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system

A
  • Returns fluid from interstitial space to blood
  • Depends on interstitial pressure
  • Lymph vessels are low pressure, have one-way valves
28
Q

What are the membranes/walls of the heart? From outside to in

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
29
Q

What encloses the entire heart?

A

The pericardium!

A fluid-filled membranous sac

30
Q

Describe the atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid & mitral

  • Between atria and ventricles
  • Have chordae tendons
  • Attach to papillary muscles in ventricles (stabilize/prevent prolapse of valves)
31
Q

Describe the semilunar valves

A

Pulmonic & aortic

  • Between ventricles and great arteries
  • No chordae tendons
32
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Smooth m. bands at junction of arteriole and capillary

CV Unit I (30 decks)

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