anatomy of the heart Flashcards by ARELLA

The _ is a muscular pump that drives the blood through the blood vessels.

heart

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Slightly bigger than a fist, this organ is located between the _ in the center and a bit to the _ of the body.

lungs ; left on the midline

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The heart is located within the thorax behind the sternum in the compartment called _

MEDIASTINUM

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Together with the blood and vessels the heart serves the following function:

a. transport oxygen, hormones and nutrients to the tissues
b. transport waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion

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The heart’s shape is _, with a base and an apex

conical

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The base of the heart is directed _

upward

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The apex is directed downward to the left at the level of the _

5th intercostal left-mid clavicular line

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ANTERIOR SURFACE of the heart

Right ventricle

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POSTERIOR SURFACE of the heart

Left ventricle

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three layers of the heart

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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The heart is covered by the _ with a parietal and visceral layers

pericardium

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The _ is a potential space in between the two pericardial layers with a minimal (_) fluid

pericardial sac ; 15 cc

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four chambers of the heart

a. The right atrium
b. The right ventricle
c. The left atrium
d. The left ventricle

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valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

tricuspid valve

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valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

mitral/bicuspid valve

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valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

pulmonic valve

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valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

aortic valve

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The _ are the blood supply

coronary arteries

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There are two main coronary arteries

right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

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The venous drainage of the heart is the _

coronary sinus

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the anterior cardiac vein and the smallest cardiac vein

coronary sinus

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Coronary sinus will collect all the venous blood from the heart into the _

right atrium

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The anterior cardiac vein drains NOT into the coronary sinus but DIRECTLY into the _

right atrium

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The parts of the conducting system of the heart are:

1. The SA (sino-atrial) node 2. The AV (atrio-ventricualr) node 3. The Bundle of His with its right and left bundle 4. The Purkinje fibers

The _ conduction system causes the heart muscle to depolarize in _ direction

intrinsic ; one

The rate of depolarization is around _ beats per minute

The _ node sets the pace of the conduction

This electrical activity is recorded by the _

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

The cardiac cycle consists of the _ phase and the _ phase in each heartbeat

contraction ; relaxation

The _ is the contraction phase

SYSTOLE

The _ is the relaxation phase

DIASTOLE

Phase in the cardiac cycle when atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles

atrial systole

Phase in the cardiac cycle when ventricular contraction pushes AV valves close but doesn't create enough pressure to open semilunar valves

ventricular systole (first phase)

Phase in the cardiac cycle wherein as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

ventricular systole (second phase)

Cardiac phase wherein as ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles drops; blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves and forces them close. Blood flows into the relaxed aorta.

Early ventricular diastole

Cardiac phase wherein all chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively.

Late ventricular diastole

The heart sounds that can be auscultated are

S1, S2, S3, and S4

S1 heart sound is due to

the closure of the AV valves

S2 heart sound is due to

the closure of the semilunar valves

S3 heart sound is due to

the rushing of blood for ventricular filling

S4 heart sound is due to

the contraction of the atrium

_ & _ are the two heart sounds that is audible with the use of stethoscope

S1 and S2 (LUB-DUB)

_ & _ are not audible with stethoscope under normal conditions because they are low frequency sounds

S3 and S4

Ventricular systole is between the _ & _ heart sounds

first and second

Ventricular diastole is between the _ & _ heart sound

second and first

_ _ is between the first and second heart sounds

Ventricular systole

_ _ is between the second and first heart sound

Ventricular diastole

5 areas for listening to the heart

- aortic - pulmonic - erb's point - tricuspid - mitral

aortic area is at

right 2nd ICS

pulmonic area is at

left 2nd ICS

erb's point area

(S1, S2) left 3rd ICS

tricuspid area

lower left sternal border (4th ICS)

mitral area

left 5th ICS, medial to midclavicular line

heart sounds when tricuspid and mitral valve close

LUB (S1) ; beginning of systole

heart sounds when aortic and pulmonic valves close

DUB (S2) ; beginning of diastole

The amount of blood the heart pumps out in each beat is called

stroke volume

When this volume is multiplied by the number of heart beat in a minute (heart rate), it becomes the

cardiac output

volume of blood ejected from each ventricle with each heartbeat

stroke volume

normal stroke volume per beat is

50-100 ml per beat

decreased SV =

increased HR

determinants of SV

preload, afterload, contractility

the number of contractions of the ventricles each minute

heart rate

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

cardiac output

the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each contraction

stroke volume

When the Cardiac Output is multiplied by the Total Peripheral Resistance, it becomes the

blood pressure

it is measured when the heart contracts

systolic pressure

it is measured when the heart relaxes, between beats

diastolic pressure

_ is the measure of force exerted by blood against the blood vessel wall

Blood pressure

BP is measured by _

sphygmomanometer

PULSE PRESSURE formula = _

SP-DP

BP depends on

- HR - Heart contraction - Blood volume - Pressure on the walls of blood vessels

the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of the diastole

preload

the resistance to which the heart must pump to eject the blood

afterload

preload is increased in conditions like

- hypervolemia - regurgitation of cardiac valves - heart failure

afterload is increased in conditions like

- hypertension - vasoconstriction

resistance left ventricle must overcome to _

circulate blood

increased afterload =

increased cardiac workload

_ of the heart states that the force of contraction is proportional to the degree of stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers

Starling’s Law

As the length of the muscle fiber is _, the contractile force _

stretched ; increases

But when the maximum length of the muscle fiber has been reached, any further stretching will _ the contraction

impair

the greater the stretch of the myocardial fibers, the _

stronger the force of the contraction (starling's law of the heart)

it refers to a change in HR

chronotropic effect

positive chronotropic effect refers to

an increase in ahr

negative chronotropic effect refers to

a decrease in HR

it refers to a change in the speed of circulation

dromotropic effect

positive dromotropic effect results in

an increase in AV conduction velocity

negative dromotropic effect results in

a decrease in AV conduction velocity

it refers to a change in myocardial contractility

inotropic effect

a positive inotropic effect results in

an increase in myocardial contractility

a negative inotropic effect results in

a decrease in myocardial contractility

_ cells are responsible for contraction and relaxation

myocardial

myocardial cells are responsible for _ & _

contraction and relaxation

Pathway of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body except the lungs

systemic circulation

The _ drains the whole body and returns the blood to the right atrium

Vena cava ( superior and inferior)

Passage of blood from right ventricle to the lungs and from the lungs to the left atrium

pulmonary circulation

The passage of blood from the aorta going into the myocardial muscle cells.

coronary circulation