Anatomy of the Foregut Organs

Question 1

3 main arteries in the gut and what area do they supply

Answer 1

Celiac artery (foregut)
Superior mesenteric artery (midgut)
Inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut)

Question 2

Foregut derivatives in the abdomen

Answer 2

Abdominal esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum (proximal to the opening of the bile duct)
Liver
Biliary apparatus (hepatic duct, gallbladder, bile duct)
Pancreas

Question 3

Where does the midgut become the hindgut

Answer 3

Halfway through transverse colon

Question 4

What vertebral level does the esophagus

1. Enter through diaphragm
2. Join to esophagus

Answer 4

1. T10

2. T11

Question 5

Parts of the stomach

Answer 5

Cardiac and pyloric openings
Greater and lesser curvature
Anterior and posterior surfaces
Fundus (usually distended with gas)
Body
Pyloric antrum and canal
Cardiac (or LES) and pyloric sphincters

Question 6

Gastric canal

Answer 6

Longitudinal rugae along the lesser curvature of the stomach make canals for passing liquids to the lower part of the stomach
Can lubricate solid food

Question 7

Greater omentum

Answer 7

Fold of peritoneum that hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach
Contains fat, blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic nodes

Question 8

Lesser omentum

Answer 8

Fold of peritoneum that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first 2 cm of duodenum to the liver

Question 9

Epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

Answer 9

Behind the free border of the lesser omentum

Connects the lesser sac to the greater sac

Question 10

2 parts of the lesser omentum

Answer 10

Hepatogastric ligament

Hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 11

Hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer 11

Contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ducts

Question 12

Duodenum

Answer 12

Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine
C shaped
Curves around the head of the pancreas

Question 13

4 parts of the duodenum

Answer 13

Superior part: anteriorly, related to the gallbladder
Descending: here you can see the major and minor duodenal papillae
Inferior: Anteriorly is related to the superior mesenteric vessels
Ascending: terminates at the duodenojejunal flexure

Question 14

Major duodenal papilla

Answer 14

Mucosal elevation and the hepatopancreatic ampulla opens at the summit
In the second (descending) part of the duodenum

Question 15

4 parts of the pancreas

Answer 15

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

Question 16

What regions of the abdomen does the liver occupy?

Answer 16

Entire R hypochondriac and epigastric regions

Extends into the L hypochondriac

Question 17

Falciform ligament

Answer 17

Divides liver into L and R lobes
Fold of peritoneum that attaches it to the abdominal wall (weight support)
Doesnt carry blood supply

Question 18

4 lobes of the liver

Answer 18

Right
Left
Caudate (posterior)
Quadrate (anterior)

Question 19

Porta hepatis

Answer 19

Located between the quadrate and caudate lobes
Contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic plexus of nerves (enter) and the R and L hepatic ducts (leave)
3 things: hepatic artery, portal vein, bile passages

Question 20

Round ligament of liver

Answer 20

At the bottom of the falciform ligament
Contains the obliterated umbilical vein
Extends from the umbilicus to the liver

Question 21

Bare area

Answer 21

Small triangular area on the posterior surface of the liver that has not been covered by peritoneum

Question 22

Passage of bile

Answer 22

Right and left hepatic ducts join to form common hepatic duct
Joins with cystic duct to form common bile duct
Joins with major pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 23

Spleen

Answer 23

Wedge shaped organ in the L hypochondriac region
Superior border is notched
Derived from mesoderm, but blood supply from celiac trunk
Can get splenomegaly or trauma

Question 24

Celiac artery (trunk)

Answer 24

Foregut artery and one of the major branches of the abdominal aorta
Arises at the level of T12 (L1 disc)
3 branches: left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

Question 25

Portal vein

Answer 25

Large vein that collects blood from the Gi tract and its associated glands (and spleen) and conveys it to the liver

Question 26

What makes up the portal vein?

Answer 26

The splenic vein and the inferior mesenteric vein join, and then join with the superior mesenteric vein to become the portal vein

Question 27

Splanchnic nerves

Answer 27

Don’t synapse in the sympathetic chain!!
Synapse in the celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia
T5-T9 form the greater splanchnic nerve

Question 28

Innervation of the foregut organs

Answer 28

Celiac ganglia
Sympathetic input comes from the greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9)
Parasympathetic input comes from the vagus nerve
Distribution of the post-gang symp and pregang parasymp is done by the arteries

Question 29

Referred pain from the foregut organs is normally felt where? Why?

Answer 29

Epigastric region

Pain fibers travel with sympathetic nerves, they come from T5-T9 and enter in the epigastric region

Question 30

Cisterna chyli (Chyle cistern)

Answer 30

Elongated lymphatic sac in front of L1/L2 vertebrae
Drains lymph from the lower limbs, pelvis, and posterior abdominal wall organs into the cisterna chyli
Upper end is continuous with the thoracic duct

Question 31

Marginal artery is formed by the fusion of…

Answer 31

Superior and Inferior mesenteric arteries