Anatomy of the Foot

Question 1

Hindfoot

Answer 1

Talus and calcaneus

Question 2

Midfoot

Answer 2

Navicular, cuneiforms and cuboid

Question 3

Forefoot

Answer 3

Metatarsals and phalanges

Question 4

Superficial fascia of the sole of the foot

Answer 4

The skin and the superficial fascia anchored to deep fascia via dense connective tissue. Strong compressive forces at heel (calcaneus) and balls of first and fifth toes (heads of metatarsals). Superficial fascia ‘pressure chambers’, distribute forces more evenly (shock absorber).

Question 5

Deep fascia of the sole of the foot

Answer 5

Thickened plantar aponeuroses (plantar fascia). Intemuscular septa from lateral and medial borders of plantar aponeuroses divide the foot into medial, central and lateral compartments.

Question 6

Actions of the muscles of the sole of the foot

Answer 6

Support arches of the foot, adjustments to uneven ground, stabilise foot during push-off (terminal stance), flexion/extension, ab/adduction of digits. Second toe is axis for ab/adduction.

Question 7

Innervation of muscles of the sole of the foot

Answer 7

Medial and lateral plantar nerves.

Question 8

First layer of muscles of the sole of the foot

Answer 8

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digit minimu/quinti

Question 9

Second layer of muscles of the sole of the foot

Answer 9

Quadratus plantae, lumbricals (four)

Question 10

Third layer of muscles of the sole of the foot

Answer 10

Flexor hallucis brevis (medial and lateral heads), adductor halluces (transverse and obliqued heads), flexor digit minimi (brevis).

Question 11

The fourth layer of muscles of the sole of the foot

Answer 11

Plantar interossei and dorsal interossei.