Anatomy of skull Flashcards
1
Q
what is cranial skeleton?
A
“brain box” or cranial vault 窟窿
2
Q
what is facial skeleton?
A
bones that make up everything except the cranial cavity ( include the mandible)
3
Q
what are single bones?
A
occupy or cross the midline
4
Q
what are paired bones?
A
tend towards being more lateral
5
Q
what does the cranial bones consist of?
A
external and internal tables of compact bone, and diploe
6
Q
what is diploe?
A
a middle spongy layer, sandwiched between external and internal tables of compact bone
7
Q
what is the skull covered by /lined by?
A
periosteum
8
Q
what is the outer covering layer of the skull called?
A
pericranium 脑髓
9
Q
what is the inner layer covering layer of the skull called?
A
endocranium
10
Q
what are the bones that bound the cranial cavity?
A
- Frontal (single)
- ethmoid (single)
- sphenoid( single)
4, occipital (single)
5, temporal (paired) - parietal (paired)
11
Q
what are immovable joints between most of the bones of the skull called?
A
sutures
12
Q
what are the differences of sutures in young adults and the newborn?
A
sutures in young adults: irregular lines in the skulls
in the newborn: wide open( where the parietal bones meet the frontal and occipital)
13
Q
what is frontanelles anterior and posterior)
A
the gaps between parietal bones and the frontal bones and the occipital bones behind 囟门
the intersection at each end of the saggitatal sutures
14
Q
how does sutures change with age?
A
closure of the sutures occurs with increasing age
many fuse completely by synostosis
15
Q
what is synostosis?
A
frontanelles become continuous bone
骨性联接
16
Q
what is the shape of fontanelles in an infant?
A
diamond shaped
due to the fact that there are two frontal bones
17
Q
what is the metopic suture?
A
persistent partial or complete frontal suture
额骨缝
18
Q
what are sutural bones?
A
circumscribed bony areas
19
Q
what are lower margins of orbits and upper margins of external acoustic meatuses in the same horizontal plane called?
A
orbitomeatal plane
听眶面
20
Q
how is the base of the cranial cavity sloping?
A
sloping from the above at the front, downwards towards the back
21
Q
what is the shape of the skull?
A
ovoid
wider posteriorly than in front
22
Q
what are the sutures running between the parietal bones called?
A
the sagittal suture
23
Q
what are the sutures running between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones?
A
coronal suture
24
Q
what are the sutures between the parietal bones and the occipital bone?
A
lambdoid suture
25
where is mastoid processes of the temporal bones?
乳突
26
what is the external occipital protuberance?
the bulge about halfway up the posterior aspect of the occipital bone
枕外隆突
27
what is the superior nuchal line?
arch laterally from the occipital protuberance
mark the upper limit of the neck as a region
attachment of the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius （斜方肌）muscles
上颈线
28
what is squamous temporal?
the flattish part of the temporal bone
29
what is zygomatic process of the temporal bone
projects forward to meet the zygomatic bone of the cheek
30
what form the zygomatic arch?
zygomatic process of the temporal
| articular surface at the root: head of the mandible
31
what is mandibular fossa?
articular surface at the root of zygomatic arch with mandible
32
what is greater wing of the sphenoid bone?
just beneath where the frontal , parietal and squamous temporal bones all come together
sits just behind the orbit
one part of the sphenoid bone
33
what is role of tubercle of the root of the zygoma?
integrity and stability of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
34
What are anterior and inferior wall of the external acoustic meatus formed?
tympanic part/tympanic plate of the temporal bone
35
what does the mastoid part of the temporal bone have?
numerous air cells that communicate with the middle ear by mastoid antrum
36
what are several parts of temporal bone?
squamous
mastoid
styloid
tympanic
37
where is lesser wing , body and Pterygoid processes of sphenoid?
蝶骨突
38
what is the top part of skull called?
calvaria 颅盖
39
what is the petrous temporal?
solid-looking pyramidal-shaped projection of the temporal bone
most posterior part of the middle cranial fossa
chunky-looking part of the temporal bone
40
what lobes does the anterior cranial fossa contain?
frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
41
what is the floor of anterior cranial fossa composed of?
1. ethmoid (situated in the midline)
2. frontal
3. spheoid
42
what is the crista galli of the ethmoid?
small crest projecting upwards
| on either side
43
what is cribriform plates of the ethmoid?
perforated
olfactory nerves (CN1) pass through
on either side of the crista galli
44
where is orbital plates of the frontal bone?
on either side of the ethmoid
form the roof of each orbit
in front of lesser wings of the sphenoid
sphenoidal air sinus between them
45
what is the middle cranial fossa formed?
by the body of the sphnoid
46
what is the saddle shaped recess called?
sella turcica
| has four projections
47
what lies in sella turcica?
pituitary gland/ hypophysisi cerebri
48
what are the anterior clinoid processes?
anterior two processes pointing backwards over the recess
49
compare anterior and posterior clinoid processes?
anterior clinoid processes are wider apart than the posterior clinoid processes
50
describe anterior clinoid processes' location
```
anterior clinoid processes project backwards from the lesser wings of the sphenoid
chiasmatic groove (for optic chiasma) running transversely between the optic canals beneath the anterior clinoid processes
```
51
what is sella turcica also called?
hyperphysical fossa
52
what are lateral parts of the middle cranial fossa formed?
great wing of the sphenoid in front and squamous part of temporal bone behind
53
what are lodged in the middle cranial fossa?
temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
54
what are lodged in posterior cranial fossa?
hindbrain: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
55
what is posterior cranial fossa formed?
sphenoid
temporal
parietal
occipital bones
56
what is the clivus?
the sloping bony surface
made up from two bones that join around puberty or late teens
lower part formed by occipital bone
upper part formed by the body of the sphenoid
57
what flank foramen magnum on either side?
the occipital condyles
58
what does occipital condyle articulate with?
C1 Vertebra, the atlas
| allow a nodding action
59
where does nodding occur?
atlanto-occipital joints
60
where does axial rotation occur?
at the C1/C2 joint
61
where is foramen magnum entirely within?
occipital bone
62
what is basilar part of the occipital bone?
the part of occipital bone anterior to the foramen magnum
rather solid-looking area
extends forward to meet the sphenoid bones
central part of the interior aspect of the skull
pharynx "hanging" from the pharyngeal tubercle
63
what bones can you see from the inferior aspect of the skull?
occipital
temporal bone
sphenoid bones
64
where are two pterygoid processes?
interior aspect of the sphenoid
| project downwards
65
what does each pterygoid processes consist of?
two plates:
1. larger lateral plate
2, smaller medial plate
66
where is pterygoid fossa?
area between the plates on each pterygoid process
67
where is pterygoid fossa?
area between the plates on each pterygoid process
| an important site of muscle attachment
68
what is the pterygoid hamulus?
from the inferior end of the medial pterygoid plate extends a hook-like projection
acts as a fulcrum or pulley for muscles that tense the soft palate
69
how does facial skeleton project？
downwards and forwards from the under-surface of the cranial part of the skull
rest on the occipital bone behind
teeth or alveolar margin of the maxillae in front
70
what are orbits?
two bony cavities where the eyes are situated
71
what is the axis of each orbit?
45 degrees laterally
72
how is the superior orbital margin formed?
by the frontal bone
73
what is supraorbital notch?
bridge over to from a foramen
74
what is superciliary arch?
prominent ridge of bond arching over the superior orbital margin
75
where is the orbital plate of the frontal bone?
at the superior orbital margin
| frontal bone turns sharply backwards
76
what forms the greater part of the roof of the orbit?
orbital plate of the frontal bone
77
how is lateral orbital margin formed?
by frontal and zygomatic bones
78
what are the zygomatic process of the frontal and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone?
projections from each of those two bones that meet to form the lateral orbital margin
79
how is interior orbital margin formed?
by zygomatic bones and the maxilla
80
where is infraorbital foramen?
in the maxilla
| just below the inferior orbital margin
81
how is medial orbital margin formed?
by frontal, lacrimal and maxilla
82
the roof of the orbit is?
orbital plate of the frontal
| lesser wing of the sphenoid behind it
83
the roof of the orbit is?
orbital plate of the frontal
| lesser wing of the sphenoid behind it
84
how many roots does the lesser wing of the sphenoid have at its origin?
two
85
what is the gap between the lesser wing of the sphenoid called?
optic canal
| transmit the optic nerve and retinal artery
86
what is the floor of the orbit?
superior surface of the maxilla
part of the zygoma and
palatine bone
87
what does lateral wall of the orbit comprise？
part of the zygoma
greater wing of the sphenoid
frontal bone forms a small part
88
how is the medial wall of the orbit?
the thinnest wall of the orbit
| almost parallel to the median plane
89
what are main bones forming the medial wall of the orbit?
ethmoid
lacrimal
frontal bones
90
how is the lacrimal sac formed by?
lacrimal bone and part of the maxilla
91
how is large gap in the orbit formed?
the large gap forms a diagonal or curved lien running from the apex of the orbit downwards
running laterally to the lower lateral side of the orbit
gap continuous into the orbit
open into two different area behind and below the gap
92
where does the superior orbital fissure open?
posteriorly into the middle cranial fossa
beneath the lesser wing of the sphenoid
lateral to the optic canal
93
where does the inferior orbital fissure open?
```
infratemporal fossa
behind and below into the area deep to the zygomatic arch
below the sphenoid
below the maxilla
lateral to the pterygoid plates
```
94
what is sphenopalatine fossa?
slit like recess
| between the back of the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid
95
what are three processes on zygoma?
frontal
temporal
maxxilary
96
where does palatine process of the maxilla extend and meet?
extends horizontally to meet its fellow of the opposite side
| form the greater part of the skeleton of the hard palate
97
what is the main hollow body of the maxilla called?
maxillary sinus
98
where is the infraorbital foramen？
below the orbital rim
99
what is carried in the infraorbital foramen?
infraorbital nerve and artery
100
what are three processes of the zygoma?
1. frontal
2. temporal
3. maxillary
101
what is alveolar process?
rim of the maxilla that carries the teeth of the upper jaw
102
what are three projections running from the back of the nasal cavity towards the front?
conchae/turbinate bones (part of the ethmoid bone)
- -superior
- -middle
- -inferior
103
what is the meatus?
recess beneath each turbinate
104
what are bony palate consisted of?
palatine processes of the maxillae (2)
| horizontal plate of the palatine bone (2)
105
what is mylohyoid line?
roughened, slightly raised ridge on the inside of the body of the mandible
attach main muscle of the floor of the mouth
106
what is alveolar margin of the mandible?
the part that carries the teeth of the lower jaw
107
what does the foramen magnum transmit?
medulla before it becomes the spinal cord
two vertebral arteries
anterior spinal artery
spinal roots of the accessory nerve(CN12)
108
what does the irregular jugular foramen transmit?
internal jugular vein
| cranial nerves 9,10,11
109
where is stylomastoid foramen?
lateral to the jugular foramen
| between the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the styloid process
110
what does stylomastoid foramen transmit?
facial nerve (CN7)
111
where is carotid canal?
anterior to the jugular foramen
112
what does carotid canal transmit?
internal carotid artery
113
where is foramen lacerum?
anterior and medial to the carotid canal
| petrous temporal bone meets the sphenoid
114
what pass through the foramen lacerum?
filed in with cartilage
no major structure passes through
interal caroid artery and some nerves pass across the top
115
where is foramen rotundum?
behind the superior orbital fissure
| lead forwards into the pterygopalatine fossa
116
where is foramen ovale?
behind and a little lateral to the foramen rotundum
117
where is the foramen spinosum?
behind foramen ovale
| much smaller
118
what does foramen spinosum transmit?
middle meningeal artery
119
where is the optic canals?
just above and medial to the superior orbital fissure
120
what does the optic canal transmit?
optic nerve to the eye (CN2)
121
what does internal acoustic meatus transmit?
```
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8)
facial nerve(CN7)
```
