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Respiratory > Anatomy of Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of Respiratory Tract Flashcards

0
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea and below

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1
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

The respiratory system lying outside the thorax

Includes nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

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2
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Warms and humidifies air
Traps particulate matter and pathogens
Smell
Drains and clears paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

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3
Q

Name the three regions of the nasal cavity and where are they?

A

Vestibule - area surrounding external opening to nasal cavity
Olfactory region - located at apex of nasal cavity
Respiratory region - further back?

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4
Q

What are the olfactory and respiratory regions lined with?

A

Olfactory - olfactory cells and olfactory receptors

Respiratory region - ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells

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5
Q

Function of conchae?

A

Create pathways for air to flow
Increase SA of nasal cavity
Make airflow turbulent and slower

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6
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A muscular tube connecting the nasal cavities to larynx and oesophagus

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7
Q

Name the three parts of the pharynx and their epithelium

A

Nasopharynx - pseudostratified columnar
Oropharynx - stratified squamous
Laryngopharynx - stratified squamous

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8
Q

What connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear cavity? What does it allow?

A

Eustachian tube

Allows pressure in the middle ear cavity to be equalised to atmospheric pressure

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9
Q

What is contained in the non-olfactory region of the pharynx?

A

Mucous glands venous sinuses in the lamina propria.

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10
Q

What happens in the non-olfactory region?

A

Venous plexuses swell every 20-30 mins to alternate airflow - prevents one side from over-drying
Arterial flow warms air

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11
Q

What is in the olfactory region?

A

Olfactory cells and Bowman’s glands.

No goblet cells and therefore no mucus

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12
Q

What are Bowman’s glands?

A

Serous glands which flush odourants from epithelial surfaces

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13
Q

What two structures is the larynx between?

A

Links the pharynx and trachea

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14
Q

What is the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx made up of?

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Paired arytenoid cartilage

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15
Q

What is the cartilage skeleton of the larynx linked together by?

A

Ligaments and muscle

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16
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The vocal cords together with the aperture between them

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17
Q

When are the cords abducted?

A

Respiration

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18
Q

When are the cords partially abducted?

A

During speech (phonation)

19
Q

When are the cords adducted?

A

Swallowing to prevent inhalation of food
Initial part of cough reflex - involuntary
During straining - voluntary

20
Q

What causes the movement of the vocal cords?

A

The laryngeal muscles

21
Q

What do the extrinsic and intrinsic laryngeal muscles move?

A

Extrinsic - entire larynx

Intrinsic - actual vocal cords

22
Q

Which nerve supplies the laryngeal muscles?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

23
Q

Clinical relevance of the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

Left nerve has a long course, part of which is inside the thoracic cavity.
If there is intrathoracic disease, can compress the nerve and cause a hoarse voice - get paralysis of the left vocal cord.

24
Q

What mechanisms are there to prevent aspiration of food/liquid?

A

Abduction of the vocal cords

Epiglottis which folds down to cover laryngeal inlet

25
Q

Name the four paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal cells
Sphenoidal cells
Maxillary

26
Q

Which sinuses don’t develop until 2 years of age?

A

Ethmoidal cells

27
Q

What epithelium are the sinuses lined by?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

28
Q

What is the name of the point where the trachea divides? What vertebral level is this at?

A

Carina

T4/5

29
Q

What bridges the gap in the C shaped cartilage of the trachea?

A

Posterior tracheal is muscle

30
Q

Differences between right and left bronchial trees?

A

Right is shorter, wider and more vertical

Left is more horizontal

31
Q

If an object was to be aspirated, which bronchus would it most likely go down?

A

The right

32
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there?

A

3 on right (upper, middle and lower)

2 on left (upper and lower)

33
Q

What does a segmental bronchus supply?

A

A broncho-pulmonary segment (pyramid shape)

Also supplied by a pulmonary artery and vein

34
Q

Clinical importance of segments?

A

A segment can be removed surgically with little damage to others

35
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs called?

A

Right - upper/superior, middle and lower/inferior

Left - upper and lower

36
Q

What is the lingula?

A

An area of the left upper lobe which corresponds to the right middle lobe

37
Q

What are the names of the surfaces of the lungs?

A

There are three

  • mediastinal
  • diaphragmatic
  • costal
38
Q

Clinal significance of the apex of the lung extending into the neck?

A

Apical lung tumours can involve structures in the root of the neck eg brachial plexus
Subclavian vein cannulation can cause a pneumothorax

39
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where the pulmonary vessels, nerves and lymphatics enter and exit the lung

40
Q

What do the lymphatics of the lung drain into?

A

Hilar lymph nodes

41
Q

What are the two blood supplies to the lungs and where do they transport to and from?

A

Bronchial arteries - from aorta to supply the bronchial tree and bronchioles with oxygenated blood

Pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated blood from right heart to alveoli. Also supply the alveoli

42
Q

What are the compartments of the mediastinum?

A

Superior
Middle
Posterior
Anterior

43
Q

Ww here is the superior mediastinum situated?

A

Between the sternal angle and the thoracic aperture

44
Q

Contents of the anterior mediastinum

A 
Loose connective tissue
Fat
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Branches of internal thoracic vessels

Respiratory (17 decks)

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