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BMS12 > Anatomy of Respiration > Flashcards

Anatomy of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

How does the sternum move?

A

Anterosuperiorly

Like a pump handle

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2
Q

How do the lateral shafts of the ribs move?

A

Elevate

Like bucket handles

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3
Q

What do the costotransverse joints unite?

A

Posterior rib with transverse process

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4
Q

What allows the middle ribs to rotate?

A

Costotransverse joints have concave transverse processes

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5
Q

What allows the lower ribs to slide?

A

Costotransverse joints have planar transverse processes

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6
Q

What muscles does normal breathing use?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

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7
Q

How does the diaphragm move during contraction?

A

Flattens and lowers

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8
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

Thorax and abdomen

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9
Q

What does the diaphragm span?

A

Inferior thoracic aperture

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10
Q

Where are the attachments of the diaphragm? (5)

A

Costal margin

Scalloped attachments between floating ribs and transverse processes

Lumbar attachments/left and right crus

Central tendon with pericardium

Posterior of xiphoid process

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11
Q

What passes through the diaphragm?

A

Descending aorta

Oesophagus

Phrenic and vagus nerves

Inferior vena cava

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12
Q

What part of the diaphragm does the inferior vena cava pass through?

A

Central tendon

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13
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (mixed somatic)

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14
Q

On which side is the dome of the diaphragm higher? Why?

A

Right - liver

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15
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3, 4, 5

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16
Q

Describe the path of the phrenic nerve as it descends through the thorax

A

Outside pericardium

In front of root of lung

More lateral than vagus

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17
Q

How many layers of intercostal muscles are there?

A

3

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18
Q

What are the different intercostal muscles?

A

External

Internal

Innermost

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19
Q

What is the effect of the external intercostal muscles contracting?

A

Raise thoracic cage

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20
Q

What are the accessory/secondary muscles of respiration? (6)

A

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

Serratus anterior

Subcostal muscles and transversus thoracis

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21
Q

Where does pectoralis major attach?

A

Along length of clavicle and sternum

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22
Q

Where does pectoralis minor attach?

A

3, 4, 5 ribs

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23
Q

Where does the sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

Mastoid process to where the sternum meets the clavicle

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24
Q

Where do the scalenes attach?

A

Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to first and second ribs

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25
Q

Which accessory muscles pull on the upper ribs?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

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26
Q

What are the subcostal muscles and transversus thoracis extensions of?

A

Innermost intercostal muscles

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27
Q

What happens during quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm descends 1cm

External intercostals contract

500ml air inhaled

28
Q

What is the typical value of tidal volume?

A

500ml

29
Q

What happens during deep inspiration?

A

Diaphragm descends 10cm

External intercostals contract

2-3L inhaled

30
Q

What happens during deepest inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, scalene, SCM, pectoralis, serratus anterior used

~5L inhaled

31
Q

What happens during quiet expiration?

A

PASSIVE

Elastic recoil of lungs

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax

32
Q

What muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A

Anterior abdominal wall muscles and internal intercostals

33
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract comprise of?

A

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

34
Q

What is the pharynx subdivided into?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx/hypopharynx

35
Q

What is a function of the larynx other than voice?

A

Act as a lid to increase thoracic and abdominal pressure in:

Coughing, sneezing, vomiting, defecating

36
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract comprise of?

A

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

37
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea

A

Single tube

Anterior C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Posterior smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

38
Q

What is the carina?

A

Sensitive ridge before bronchi

Triggers cough reflex

39
Q

What is the difference between the left and the right bronchi?

A

Left bends at a sharper angle due to heart

40
Q

*Which division of bronchi has the least amount of cartilage?

A

Tertiary

41
Q

What occurs at the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange

42
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Well-defined regions of the lungs

Supplied by specific segmental bronchi and bronchial arteries

Encased in its own connective tissue

43
Q

How many lobes do each of the lungs have?

A

Right = 3

Left = 2

44
Q

What are the three main surfaces of the lung?

A

Costal

Diaphragmatic

Mediastinal

45
Q

What is the lung root/hilum?

A

Site of entry/exit of airways, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

46
Q

Which lung has a horizontal fissure?

A

Right lung

47
Q

Which lung has a cardiac notch and lingula?

A

Left lung

48
Q

What is it called when the lung has collapsed?

A

Pneumothorax

49
Q

What are the pleura?

A

Serous membranes that line the lungs and the thoracic cavity

50
Q

What is the space between the two pleural membranes?

A

Pleural cavity

51
Q

Which pleura lines the lung?

A

Visceral

52
Q

Which pleura lines the thoracic cage?

A

Parietal

53
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

Extra membrane at the root of the lung due to imperfect continuous pleura

54
Q

What is the layer of tissue between the parietal pleura and the thoracic wall?

A

Endothoracic fascia

55
Q

What is the function of the pleura?

A

Smooth movement of lungs

Negative pressure keeps lungs inflated

56
Q

What is the value of intrapleural pressure?

A

(-)4mmHg

57
Q

What is the potential pleural space?

A

Area in thoracic cage that is available to be filled by lungs

58
Q

Where is the anterior-inferior limit of the lung?

A

6th rib

59
Q

Where is the lateral-inferior limit of the lung?

A

8th rib

60
Q

Where is the posterior-inferior limit of the lung?

A

10th rib

61
Q

Where is the apex/superior limit of the lung?

A

Above 1st rib

62
Q

What innervates the pleura?

A

Intercostal nerves

Phrenic nerves (diaphragmatic)

63
Q

What is the difference between the pulmonary and bronchial blood supply?

A

Pulmonary = blood to be oxygenated

Bronchial = nutritive function (oxygenated)

64
Q

Which vessels do the lymphatic capillaries travel with in the lung?

A

Pulmonary arteries

65
Q

Where does the right bronchial artery branch from?

A

Right third posterior intercostal artery

66
Q

Where do the inferior and superior left bronchial arteries branch from?

A

Descending aorta

67
Q

What nerves travel with the bronchial arteries?

A

Bronchomotor nerves

BMS12 (7 decks)

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