Anatomy of Lower Limb

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Femoral artery is behind inguinal ligament (anterior structure) &

Moves thru abd magnus into the popliteal fossa;

Question 4

neurovascular bundle location (where it travels)

Answer 4

Question 5

what does the small saphenous vein join with? and where is this?

Answer 5

small saphenous comes from the lateral leg and dumps into the popliteal vein

Question 6

where does the sural nerve come from?

Answer 6

Sural nerve is cutaneous that arises in popliteal

Question 7

clinical consideratiosn of the popliteal fossa anatomy

Answer 7

Lymph nodes could be enlarged due to infxn all the way in large toe

Question 8

what is the leg?

Answer 8

Question 9

what is leg function dependent on?

Answer 9

Muscle compartments are important for function of leg

Question 10

why is there a tibia and fibula instead of one big bone in the leg?

Answer 10

Tibia hold weight of body and transmits this down to the ankle

Don’t want too much weight, so by adding another bone, you can minimize the weight and the interosseous membrane holds these bones together (plus other muscle attachments)

Bones are same length but fibula is a little lower

Medial malleolus is on tibia; lateral malleolus on fibula

Question 11

what are the superficial structures of the leg?

Answer 11

Drains medial foot and leg & dumps into saphenous opening in thigh

Saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve) follows the vein

Question 12

what are the superfificial cutaneous tructures in the posterior leg?

Answer 12

the sural (Cutaneous) nerve moves with the small saphenous vein

Question 13

crural fascia and facial compartments

Answer 13

Interosseous links tibia and fibula and makes anterior and posterior compartments. Posterior is often divided into two parts (deep and superficial); lateral compartment also exists.

Question 14

anterior muscle compartment: tendons pass where?

Answer 14

Question 15

lateral muscle compartment: tendons pass where?

Answer 15

Question 16

superficial posterior compartment: tendons pass where?

Answer 16

tendon goes down to the calcaneus

Question 17

deep posterior compartment: tendons pass where?

Answer 17

Question 18

cross section of the leg: anterior compartment

Answer 18

Question 19

what are the three main muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 19

Tibialis anterior - attached at base of big toe; extensor

Extensor digitorum longus: forms on fibula and divides into 4 tendons (distal phalynx of lateral four toes)

Extensor hallucis longus: goes to distal phalynx of big toe (passes in front of ankle joint)

^^^these are all extensors

Fibularis tertius: attaches at base of 5th metatarsal; innervated by same nerves from anterior compartment; acts as extensor

Question 20

actions of the anterior compartment muscles?

Answer 20

Like if you’re standing on your heels; don’t want to stub toe, so you dorsiflex ankle joint a little (these muscles do this)

Tibialis helps smooth out the gait

Question 21

innervation of the anterior compartment

Answer 21

Common fibular nerve splits into deep and superficial fibular nerve

Question 22

injury to the common fibular nerve leads to what?

Answer 22

Slap foot gait if this nerve function is lost

Question 23

lateral muscle compartment cross-section

Answer 23

served by superficial fibular nerve

Question 24

muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 24

Fibularis longus: arises along shaft of fibula and goes past lateral malleolus and moves under the foot

Brevis: deep to the longus; tendon moves along lateral malleolus and stops at the base of the 5th metatarsal

Question 25

innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 25

serves longus and brevis

Question 26

lateral compartment muscle function

Answer 26

Question 27

posterior compartment "superficial" muscle layer cross-section

Answer 27

GC: arises on femur soleus: arises on tibia

Question 28

muscles of the posterior compartment superficial muscle layer

Answer 28

soleus tendon is at calcaneus anti-gravity muscles (jump, climb, used in gait to push you forward)

Question 29

function of superficial calf muscles

Answer 29

Tibial nerve (comes from sciatic nerve) moves down popliteal fossa and down medial side of leg soleus = more powerful

Question 30

cross-section of posterior compartment, deep layer

Answer 30

these are smaller muscles

Question 31

flexor hallucis longus attachment

Answer 31

Flexor hallucis longus is the most powerful; gives a little boost to propel you forward

Question 32

flexor digitorum longus attachment

Answer 32

Weaker; arises on shaft of tibia and winds around medial malleolus Has four tendons to the lateral 4 toes Flexor

Question 33

tibialis posterior attachment

Answer 33

Goes to the arch of the foot This inverts soles of feet (soles of feet would be facing each other)

Question 34

tibialis posterior clinical indications

Answer 34

Swelling would be deleterious to nerve/artery function Can often be seen in athletes (hypertrophy of muscle fibers)

Question 35

order of the three tendons from deep posterior compartment

Answer 35

Retinaculum keeps the tendons in position Posterior tibial artery branches (at the flexor retinaculum) into medial and lateral artery that serve the sole of the foot

Question 36

major arteries of the leg

Answer 36

Popliteal artery branches into anterior and psoterior tibial artery. Then it makes naother branch (fibular artery) Posterior goes to flexor retinaculum where it forms lateral and medial plantar arteries Right (looking at front): anterior tibial artery mvoe sin front of interossues membrane to cross front of ankle

Question 37

major arteries of the leg con't

Answer 37

Anterior tibial artery serves the anterior compartment Deep fibular nerve serves this compartment Sural arteries feed the head of the gastrocnemius. GC arteries come from two arteries in the popliteal fossa

Question 38

posterior tibial and fibular arteries

Answer 38

Question 39

Question 40

clinical considerations of leg anatomy

Answer 40

Osgood-Schlatter: can damage growth plate Foot drop gait: you flex knee to a large degree and can't lower it properly, so you slap it down

Question 41

clinical considerations con't

Answer 41

Question 42

Question 43

surface anatomy of the dorsal and lateral foot

Answer 43

Question 44

surface anatomy of the medial and lateral foot

Answer 44

Question 45

what allow the leg muscle tendons to change the direction of pulling force at the ankle?

Answer 45

Retinacula keep tendons in right spot Superior extensor retinaculum: keeps extensor muscle tendons in place and allows them to move smoothly Inferior extensor retinaculum: starts on calcaneal bone and moves toward medial malleolus & the other arm moves around sole of foot

Question 46

Sole of the foot

Answer 46

Sole of the foot is thick/tough and full of soft tissue Plantar aponeurosis: flat ligament structure

Question 47

how do humans walk on the soles of their lower limbs?

Answer 47

1st and 2nd sesamoid bones hold 50% of body weight

Question 48

skeleton of the dorsal foot

Answer 48

articular cartilage exists on dorsal side of metatarsals cunieform (1-3), navicular, and cuboid = small tarsals talus and calcaneus = large tarsals

Question 49

skeleton of the plantar foot

Answer 49

Question 50

calcaneous bone

Answer 50

Question 51

talus compared to calcaneous (in space)

Answer 51

Question 52

lateral view of foot

Answer 52

Head of talus has trochlear surface Everything inferior to talus are used for inversion and eversion

Question 53

what prevents crushing of the tendon?

Answer 53

sesamoid bones prevent crushing of tendon

Question 54

soft tissues of the foot: the plantar fasciae is comprised of what?

Answer 54

fat acts as a shock absorber

Question 55

how many muscle layers are there in the plantar compartment of the foot?

Answer 55

just know there are lots of little muscles in the foot; may act as sensors for proprioception

Question 56

foot muscles that perform the most function attach to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 56

calcaneus

Question 57

major arteries of the plantar foot

Answer 57

Plantar arch sends artery branches to dorsal foot

Question 58

what innervates the plantar muscles?

Answer 58

Tibial nerve divides into medial and lateral plantar nerve

Question 59

what are the two mucsles on the dorsal foot? what is their innervation?

Answer 59

Question 60

Answer 60

anterior tibial artery

Question 61

major arteries of the dorsal foot

Answer 61

Question 62

major arteries of the plantar foot

Answer 62

Question 63

superficial/cutaneous innervation of plantar and dorsal foot

Answer 63

Superficial tibial nerve does most of dorsum of foot; saphenous nerve comes from femoral triangle and goes to medial foot; sural nerve does lateral form of foot [and part of sole of foot] Medial plantar nerve does medial side of bottom of foot; lateral plantar nerve does lateral side; calcaneal branch does the heel Deep fibular nerve (does that small part on the 2nd toe)

Question 64

architectural bony arches of the foot

Answer 64

Question 65

superior view of medial and lateral arch in foot

Answer 65

Question 66

what prevents arch collapse in the foot?

Answer 66

plantar aponeurosis prevents arch collapse

Question 67

ligaments in the foot

Answer 67

Question 68

what provides major support to the longitudinal arches?

Answer 68

Question 69

talocalcaneo (subtalar) joint

Answer 69

The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament hold the talus up

Question 70

Question 71

Question 72

what joints are the talus involved in?

Answer 72

Question 73

clinical anatomy of the foot

Answer 73