Anatomy of limbs, bones and joints Flashcards
What are the 4 generic features of a synovial joint?
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane lining
Synovial fluid-filled cavity
Articular cartilage lineing bone ends
What are the automatic joint movements?
Spinning
Rolling
Sliding
What is the function of ligaments?
Stabilising the joint’s automatic movements
What are ligaments and tendons made from?
Type 1 collagen fibres
Varying elastin content depending on amount of movement expected in each
Tendons have parallel layers of collagen, ligaments have multidirectional
What are Bursae?
Small fluid-filled sacs which lie around joints at friction points
What are the menisci?
Fibrocollagenous discs which lie between surfaces with low conformity
What do menisci do?
Absorb shocks
Improve the fit between articulating surfaces
Protect the margins
What is the tenosynovium?
Tendon sheath to allow for smoother movement
How does osteoarthritis occur?
Mechanical and biological degradation of cartilage lining the joints
What are the risk factors for osteoarthritis?
Aging female abesity Extremes of bone density Joint trauma Occupation/recreational reduced muscle strength joint laxity or malalignment
What is the pathophysiology of osteoarthitis?
Injury stimulates Il-1 and TNF activity which leads to increased levels of catabolic cytokines and decreased levels of anabolic cytokines
This causes cartilage synthesis and degradation to imbalance resulting in cartilage loss
What are the 3 muscle groups of the thigh?
Anterior group - Hip flexors and knee extendors
posterior group - Hip extensors and knee flexors
medial group - hip adductors, medial rotators and knee flexors
What are the 2 muscle groups of the arm?
Anterior group - elbow and shoulder flexors, forearm supinator
Posterior group - elbow extensors
What are the 2 muscle groups of the forearm?
Anterior group - wrist flexors, forearm pronators, finger and thumb flexors
Posterior group - Elbow flexors, forearm supinator, wrist, finger and thumb extensors
