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CVS Physiology > Anatomy of CVS > Flashcards

Anatomy of CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum

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2
Q

Where are blood vessels NOT located?

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

Where are lymphatics NOT located?

A

Brain

Eyes

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4
Q

What are the two main circulations of the CVS?

A

Pulmonary (heart - lungs - heart)

Systemic (heart - body - heart)

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5
Q

What is an additional circulation?

A

Hepatic portal circulation

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6
Q

What are the anterior relations of the heart?

A

Sternum
Costal cartilages 4 - 7
Anterior edges of lungs and pleurae
Thymic remnants

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7
Q

Posterior relations of heart

A

Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic vertebrae 5 - 8

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8
Q

Lateral relations of heart

A

Lungs

Phrenic nerve

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9
Q

Inferior relations of heart

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

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10
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

T4

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11
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Endocardium (innermost)
Myocardium (Middle)
Epicardium (outermost)
Pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Histology of endocardium

A

Simple squamous
Single layer
Bit of connective tissue

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13
Q

Histology of myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

Intercalated discs, branching fibres

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14
Q

Histology of epicardium

A

Simple squamous
One layer thick
Connective tissue underneath

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15
Q

What is the pericardial cavity filled with?

A

Fluid

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16
Q

What lines the heart chambers?

A

Endocardium

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17
Q

What forms valves?

A

Endocardium (due to projections)

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18
Q

What cells make up cardiac muscle?

A

Myocytes

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19
Q

What are myocytes connected by?

A

Intercalated discs

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20
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Complex junctions that connect myocytes

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21
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Connect at horizontal interface and bind myocytes together

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22
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

Connect at vertical interface

23
Q

What does the epicardium contain?

A

Main branches of coronary arteries

24
Q

What may happen to the epicardium?

A

May become fatty

25
Q

What is the mediastinum divided into?

A

Superior (above T4)

Inferior (T4 to diaphragm)

26
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum divided into?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

27
Q

What lies in the anterior mediastinum until puberty?

A

Thymus gland

28
Q

Surface anatomy of heart

A

5th L intercostal space midclavicular line

29
Q

What are the heart chambers?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

30
Q

What is the direction of blood flow controlled by?

A

Valves

31
Q

Function of heart valves

A

Control direction of blood flow

32
Q

What are cusps?

A

Thin structures derived from the endocardium

33
Q

What prevents valve failure?

A

Chordae tendinae

Papillary muscles

34
Q

Definition of valve incompetence

A

Widening of the valves

35
Q

Definition of valve stenosis

A

Narrowing of the valves

36
Q

How many cusps does the aortic valve have?

A

3

37
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

A

3

38
Q

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

3

39
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have?

A

2

40
Q

What is another name for the mitral valve?

A

Bicuspid valve

41
Q

What are the tricuspid and bicuspid valves known as?

A

Atrio-ventricular valves

42
Q

What are the pulmonary and the aortic valves known as?

A

Semilunar valves

43
Q

What is the predominant nerve in the heart?

A

Vagus

44
Q

What is the predominant force on the heart?

A

Parasympathetic system

45
Q

Attachments of the heart

A

Sternum
Central tendon of the diaphragm
Roots of great vessels

46
Q

What is the heart lined by?

A

Serous pericardium

47
Q

What does serous pericardium secrete?

A

Pericardial fluid

48
Q

What does pericardial fluid act as?

A

A lubricant

49
Q

Layers of the pericardium

A

Visceral

Parietal

50
Q

What is the visceral layer bound to?

A

Heart (epicardium)

51
Q

What is the parietal layer bound to?

A

Fibrous pericardium

52
Q

What do the two layers of the pericardium allow?

A

Freedom of movement during the cardiac cycle

53
Q

How do the coronary arteries fill up?

A

At systole
- openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps
At diastole
- elastic recoil of aorta closes the aortic valve and blood enters the arteries

54
Q

Where are the coronary arteries located?

A

Epicardium

CVS Physiology (12 decks)

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