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04. Year 1: Respiratory System > Anatomy of Chest Wall and Mechanics of Breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of Chest Wall and Mechanics of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 gas laws?

A

Boyle’s law

Dalton’s law

Charles’ law

Henry’s law

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2
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

Pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proptional to its volume (P = 1/V)

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3
Q

What does Dalton’s law state?

A

Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

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4
Q

What does Charles’ law state?

A

Volume occupied by a gas is sirected related to the absolute temperature (V directly proportional to T)

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5
Q

What does Henry’s law state?

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is determined by the pressure of the gas and its solubility in the liquid

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6
Q

When talking about the pressure and volumes of gas, what does the volume refer to?

A

The volume of the container that the gas is in

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7
Q

What is core body temperature?

A

37oC

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8
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

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9
Q

In terms of pressure, where does air always move?

A

From areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

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10
Q

If the pressure in the lungs is more than the atmosphere, where does the air move?

A

From the lungs to the atmosphere (out of the body)

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11
Q

What shape is the diaphragm?

A

Domed shaped

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12
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

It flattens which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

How many lobes does the right and left lung have?

A

Right has 3 lobes

Left has 2 lobes

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14
Q

What are the lobes in the right lung called?

A

Superior lobe

Middle lobe

Inferior lobe

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15
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung called?

A

Superior lobe

Inferior lobe

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16
Q

What is the pleural cavity critical for?

A

Maintaining the inflation state of our lungs

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17
Q

What is A?

A

Aorta

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18
Q

What is B?

A

Left lung

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19
Q

What is C?

A

Pleural membranes

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20
Q

What is D?

A

Left pleural cavity

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21
Q

What is E?

A

Pericardial cavity

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22
Q

What is F?

A

Right pleural cavity

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23
Q

What is G?

A

Right lung

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24
Q

What is H?

A

Esophagus

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25
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

5mm of pleural fluid

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26
Q

What is the pleural cavity unique to?

A

Each lung, they do not join

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27
Q

What does the inside and outside of the pleural membrane line?

A

Ribs and outer tissue of the lungs

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28
Q

What are the 2 pleural membranes called?

A

Visceral pleural membrane (lines lungs)

Parietal pleural membrane (lines ribs)

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29
Q

What does the visceral pleural membrane line?

A

Lungs

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30
Q

What does the parietal pleural membrane line?

A

Ribs

31
Q

What are some functions of pleural fluid?

A

Act as lubricant, allowing the two membranes to glide across each other as the lungs expand and contract

Create a force that stops the seperation of the lungs from the rib cage, so when the rib cage moves so does the lungs

32
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of pleural membranes

33
Q

What is inflammation of the pleural membranes called?

A

Pleurisy

34
Q

What is the pressure of the pleural cavity when the lungs are at rest?

A

-3mmHg

35
Q

Where does the rib cage and lungs naturally want to move?

A

Rib cage wants to move outwards and the lungs want to recoil inwards

36
Q

What happens to the intrapleural pressure when the lung is punctured?

A

Becomes equal to atmospheric pressure and the lung collapses

37
Q

What is the end of expiration a balance between?

A

The lung wanting to retract inwards and the ribcage wanting to expand outwards

38
Q

What creates the negative pressure of the pleural cavity?

A

Lung wanting to retract inwards and the ribcage wanting to expand outwards

39
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Negative pressure inside the pleural cavity

40
Q

What gas law is the mechanics of breathing based on?

A

Boyle’s law

Increase in volume decreases pressure

Decrease in volume increases pressure

41
Q

What are the mechanics of breathing?

A

1 ) Thoracic cavity changes volume

2) This changes the pressure (Boyle’s law)
3) Air moves from area of high pressure to low pressure

42
Q

What muscles does inspiration use?

A

Intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

43
Q

What muscles does expiration use?

A

Is passive at rest, but during severe respiratory load uses:

Internal intercostal muscles

Abdominal muscles

44
Q

What is A?

A

Sternocleidomastoids

45
Q

What is B?

A

Scalenes

46
Q

What is C?

A

External intercostals

47
Q

What is D?

A

Diaphragm

48
Q

What is E?

A

Abdominal muscles

49
Q

What is F?

A

Internal intercostals

50
Q

Where do external intercostals run between and what happens when they contract?

A

Ribs

When they contract they lift the rib cage upwards and outwards

51
Q

Where do internal intercostal muscles run between, and what do they do when they contract?

A

Ribs

When they contract they lift they pull the ribcage inwards and downwards

52
Q

What happens when abdominal muscles contract?

A

They bring abdominal organs upwards, which push agaist the diagragm and decreases thoracic volume

53
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?

A

Contracts and flattens which increases thoracic volume

54
Q

What does the diaphragm do during expiration?

A

Relaxes which decreases thoracic volume

55
Q

What can thoracic volume increasing due to rib movement be compared to?

A

Bucket handle shows increase in lateral dimensions

Pump handle shows increase in anterior-posterior dimensions

56
Q

What can the ribs causing an increase in lateral dimensions be compared to?

A

Bucket handle

57
Q

What can the ribs causing an increase in anterior-posterior dimensions be compared to?

A

Pump handle

58
Q

What is asthma?

A

Over reactive constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, increasing resistance

59
Q

Why do asthma sufferers struggle during expiration but not inspiration?

A

Physical forces pull airways open during inspiration but not expiration

60
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Collapsed lung, occuring due to air leaking into the pleural cavity and altering the pressure (equal to atmospheric pressure)

61
Q

What is a collapsed lung called?

A

Pneumothorax

62
Q

What happens during pneumothorax?

A

Rib cage expands slightly and lung collapses to unstretched size due to no longer being attached by the force created by the pleural cavity

63
Q

Why does a pneumothorax happen?

A

Punctured pleural cavity causes loss of negative pressure as it becomes equal to the atmosphere

Force that attaches lungs to rib cage is no longer present and so the lung collapses to unstretched size

64
Q

What are 3 relative pressures?

A

Intra-thoracic (alveolar) pressure, PA

Intra-pleural pressure, PIP

Transpulmonary pressure, PT

65
Q

What is intra-thoracic (alveolar) pressure, PA?

A

Pressure inside the thoracic cavity (inside lungs)

May be negative or positive

66
Q

What is intra-pleural pressure, PIP?

A

Pressure inside the pleural cavity

Always negative

67
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure, PT?

A

Pressure difference between the alveolar and intra-pleural pressure

PT = PA - PIP

Always positive because intra-pleural pressure is always more negative than alveolar pressure

68
Q

What is intra-pleural pressure compared to alveolar pressure?

A

Always more negative

69
Q

How does pressure change during the respiration cycle?

A

During inspiration alveolar pressure goes negative then back to 0 and intrapleural pressure goes more negative

During expiration alveolar presure goes positive and then back to 0 and intrapleural pressure goes closer to 0

70
Q

What formula describes the flow of air?

A

Directly proportional to the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressure and inversely proportional to airway resistance:

F = (PATM - PA / R

71
Q

How does alveolar pressure compare to atmospheric pressure at the end of an unforced expiration?

A

PATM = PA

72
Q

Why are the dimensions of the thoracic cage stable after an unforced expiration?

A

Opposing elastic forces are equal, creating subatmospheric intrapleural pressure and a transpulmonary pressure that opposes the forces of elastic recoil

73
Q

What is the most important thing affecting airway resistance?

A

Radii of airway

04. Year 1: Respiratory System (37 decks)

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