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Cardiovascular system > Anatomy of cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Anatomy of cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the division of mediastinum?

A

Anterior and inferior mediastinum formed at T4, the inferior mediastinum further divides into anterior (in front of pericardium), middle, posterior (behind pericardium)

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2
Q

Where is heat located?

A

In the middle inferior mediastinum

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3
Q

Nane and describe all the circulations in body

A

Systemic circulation (body-heart-body), pulmonary (heart-lungs-heart), hepatic portal circulation (capillarities -veins- capillaries), lymphatic circulation

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4
Q

What is the apex of the heart and what is the base?

A

Apex if the heart is left ventricle and base of the heart is left atrium

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5
Q

What is the order of vessels in the anterior view?

A

Superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

What is RAA?

A

Right atrial appendage, it it right auricle, small cone shaped pouch, that is muscular, lined with small muscles on its surface, there is also one present on the left side

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7
Q

What is located in the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

It is narrow little cleft with fat, ligaments, remnants of thymus gland, lymph nodes

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8
Q

What is located in the middle inferior mediastinum?

A

Heart with pericardium, beginning of great vessels

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9
Q

What is located in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

oesophagus, descending arta, posterior intercostal arteries, phrenic nerves, vagus nerve, thoracic duct, sympathetic chain, azygous, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins

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10
Q

What is the position of the apex of the heart ?

A

Left 5th intercostal space in mid-clavicular line

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11
Q

Does the position of the apex vary?

A

Yes, it is higher when lying down, it is higher in children, also moves up and down as we breath

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12
Q

What is the distribution of the heart in terms of R and L?

A

2/3 are on the left, 1/3 is on the right

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13
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

Very rare condition in which the heart and other organs are transposed through mid-sagittal plane, heart face right and the organs are also inverted, asymptomatic usually

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14
Q

Which structures are anterior to the heart?

A

Sternum, anterior edges of lungs and pleura, costal cartilages 4-7, thyme remnants

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15
Q

Which structures are posterior to the heart?

A

oesophagus, descending aorta, thoracic vertebra 5-8

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16
Q

Which structures are laterally to the heart?

A

Lungs and pleura, phrenic nerves and sensory fibres to pericardium

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17
Q

Which structure is inferior to the heart?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

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18
Q

Describe the inner layer of heart

A

Inner layer of the heart is endocardium, it is simple squamous epithelial cells in single layer, basement membrane, collagen, elastic fibres and some smooth muscle cells, subendocardium from connective tissue that can contain conductive fibres, forms the valves of the heart

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19
Q

Describe the myocardium of the heart

A

Myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart, it consists of cardiac muscles and many blood cells, muscle cells have many mitochondria, they are striated, interconnected by intercalated discs that form functional syncytium

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20
Q

Describe the intercalated discs

A

The are connections between cardiac muscle cells, they have gap and gap junctions that connect at vertical interphase and allow electrical communication between cells, desmosome junctions that connect at horizontal interphase and bind the cells together, they are alternating

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21
Q

Describe the epicardium of heart

A

It is outermost layer, consists of connective tissue, basement membrane and squamous epithelium, it can have many adipose cells, it is also visceral layer of serous pericardium, outside of epicardium is pericardial cavity

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22
Q

What can be found outside of heart?

A

Pericardial sac, if forms the fibrous pericadium out the outside, parietal epicardium on the inside

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23
Q

What is pericardial cavity?

A

Cavity formed by fibrous and serous pericardium, very small space that allows heart to move, but also restrict it to prevent over-streaching, it contains pericardial fluid that is secreted by serous pericardium and lubricates the two layers

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24
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

The control the flow of blood in heart, they are attached by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles, they prevent back flow

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25
Q

Which valves are semilunar?

A

Aortic and pulmonary, they have three cusps

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26
Q

Which valves are atrioventricular?

A

Mitral and tricuspid, mitral valve is the only one with two cusps only

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27
Q

Name the order of the valves from the top to bottom

A

Pulmonary, aortic, mitral and tricuspid

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28
Q

Name the order of the valves from posterior to anterior

A

Pulmonary, aortic valve, mitral and tricuspid are approximately at the same level

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29
Q

How many papillary mussels are there in right and left ventricle ?

A

In right there are 3, in left there are 2

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30
Q

What is cardia skeleton?

A

Fibrous connective tissue skeleton mainly form collagen, consists of atrioventricular septum and roots of great vessels

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31
Q

What is the role of cardiac skeleton?

A

It provides anchorage for valve cups, prevents over dilation of the valves, provides anchorage for the bundles of heart muscles, block direct spread of electrical impulses from atria to ventricles

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32
Q

What holds the heart in the correct position?

A

Great vessels and fibrous pericardium

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33
Q

To what structures the heart attaches to ?

A

central tendon of diaphragm, sternum, roots of great vessels

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34
Q

What is fibrous pericardium made of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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35
Q

Describe how aortic sinuses open?

A

In systole the aortic sinuses are shielded by aortic valve cusps, in diastole the aortic valve is closed and therefore aortic sinuses are open and blood enters and goes to coronary arteries

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36
Q

Describe the superior mediastinum

A

It is above the T4, it has several planes, glandular plane with thymus, venous plane with brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, arterial-nervous with aortic arch, vagus and phrenic nerve, visceral plane with trachea and oesophagus, lymphatic plane with thoracic duct

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37
Q

Name all the planes found in superior mediastinum

A

Glandular plane, venous plane, arterio-nervous plane, visceral plane, lymphatic plane

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38
Q

What are the boundaries of mediastinum ?

A

Sternum and the thoracic column, between left and right pleura

39
Q

What forms right border of the heart ?

A

Right atrium and SVC

40
Q

What forms left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle and aortic arch

41
Q

What forms anterior surface of the heart?

A

right atrium and ventricle, left ventricle

42
Q

State the location of the heart in terms of ribs

A

3rd upper right and 6th lower right, 2nd upper left and 5th lower left

43
Q

What is the relative orientation of the venous channel and aorta?

A

venous channel is on the right of the arterial side, aortic tango with IVC

44
Q

Name the main arteries of the upper limb

A

Subclavian artery, axillary artery at border of 1st rib, brachial at the inferior border of trees major, it then divides into radial and ulnar at cubital fossa, they then from palmar arches that gives of digital arteries

45
Q

Describe the arrangement of the veins int he cubital fossa

A

The superficial veins arise from the dorsal venous arch on the back of the hand, there is basilic vein on the medial site and cephalic vein on the lateral side, they join in H and M fashion forming median cubital vein, it is commonly used for venous puncture

46
Q

Name the main arteries of lower limb

A

iliac artery arise from abdominal aorta, to common femoral artery in the anterior thigh, it gives off deep and superficial femoral arteries, superficial becomes popliteal in the popliteal fossa, popliteal gives off anterior and posterior tibial, posterior gives of fibular artery, posterior continues forming medial and lateral plantar arteries, anterior becomes doornails pedis

47
Q

Describe the venous system of lower limbs

A

Superficial veins arise from the dorsal venous arch in the foot, great saphenous vein run medially along and drain to femoral vein, small saphenous run posteriorly, drains popliteal vein which becomes femoral

48
Q

What is the relative position of the aorta and oesophagus?

A

oesophagus is anterior to the aorta

49
Q

What are the openings in the right atrium?

A

There is opening for superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

50
Q

What is fossa ovalis?

A

Remnant of foramen ovale, opening in the septum in foetus

51
Q

Describe the inside of right atrium

A

It has both rough and smooth part, rough part is formed by muscles musculi pectinati(internal muscle ridges mostly on aterolateral surface), there is crista terminalis in the superior part of the muscle, it is smooth muscular ridge that separates the muscular and smooth part

52
Q

What openings are there in the right atrium?

A

For tricuspid atrioventricular valve and pulmonary valve leading to pulmonary trunk

53
Q

Describe the tricuspid valve in the right ventricle

A

It is attached to the walls by chordae tendinae and 3 papillary muscles

54
Q

Describe the inner surface of the right ventricle

A

It is muscular, formed by trabeculae carneae, it contains rounded and irregular muscular columns, attached to the septum and walls of the ventricle, papillary muscles are special structure of the trabeculae carneae, there are two types, some are attached along their whole lengths, some are free in the middle

55
Q

What is moderator band?

A

It is septomarginal trabecula, it is muscular thickening extending from the septum to the base of anterior papillary muscle, it convey electrical signal

56
Q

What are the openings in the left atrium?

A

There are 4 openings for left and right superior pulmonary arteries, left and right inferior pulmonary arteries

57
Q

Describe the inner surface of the left atrium

A

The inner surface of the left atrium is smooth

58
Q

Name the openings in the left ventricle

A

Opening for the mitral valve, opening for aortic valve to aorta

59
Q

Describe the inner surface of the left ventricle

A

It is muscular, formed by trabeculea carneae, it is 3 times thicker than in right ventricle

60
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

Enlarged heart

61
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Heart facing right instead of left

62
Q

Describe the right coronary artery circulation

A

It arise form right aortic sinus in the ascending aorta, it runs in coronary sinus, at inferior margin it gives off marginal artery, at the posterior side it gives off posterior inter ventricular artery running in interventricular sulcus

63
Q

Describe the left coronary artery circulation

A

It arise from the left aortic sinus, it soon splits into anterior inter ventricular artery running in inter ventricular sulcus and to circumflex artery running in the coronary sulcus

64
Q

Name the two sulci present in heart

A

coronary sulcus (atrioventricular) and interventricular sulcus

65
Q

Where are the coronary anastomoses and which arteries form them

A

Both on the posterior surface, right coronary artery and circumflex artery anastomose in the coronary sulcus, anterior and posterior inter ventricular arteries anastomose in the inter ventricular sulcus

66
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the heart

A

There is great cardiac vein running alongside anterior inter ventricular artery, middle cardiac vein running along the posterior inter ventricular artery and small cardiac artery that runs along marginal artery, they all drain into coronary sinus that runs along circumflex artery into right atria, anterior cardiac veins that run along the RA drains directly to RA

67
Q

Which parts of the heart are innervated by phrenic nerve?

A

Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium

68
Q

Which parts of the heart are innervated by vagus nerve?

A

Vagus nerve innervates the heart muscles and visceral layer of pericardium, it contains the parasympathetic fibres

69
Q

Which parts of the heart are innervated by sympathetic fibres?

A

Sympathetic fibres from cervical and thoracic region innervate the heart muscle and visceral layer of serous pericardium

70
Q

What parts of the heart have pain fibres?

A

Fibrous and parietal pericardium

71
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins in terms of layers ?

A

arteries have thick tunica media, thin adventitia, but veins have thinner media and thicker tunica adventitia

72
Q

What are the layers of blood vessels ?

A

Tunica intima (epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscles and elastic tissue), tunica adventitia (fibrous connective tissue)

73
Q

Which type of blood vessels have the greatest cross sectional area?

A

capillaries

74
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

Arteries with many elastic fibres, they are large conducting vessels, aorta, pulmonary trunk and common carotid arteries are elastic arteries, they have elastic fibres dispersed in media layer, occlude the muscle cells

75
Q

Where are secreted elastic fibres?

A

Elastic fibres are excreted by smooth muscles

76
Q

Describe the aorta

A

Aorta is large elastic vessel, with many elastic fibres in the tunica media layer, elastic fibres obscure the smooth muscles, they enable elastic recoil and maintain the blood pressure

77
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A

They are distributing vessels that carry blood around body from elastic arteries, they are smaller, have much less elastic fibres which are concentrated mainly in two layer, internal elastic lamina under epithelium and external elastic lamina between media and adventitia, no elastic fibres in media layer

78
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Arterioles are terminal branches, supply blood to capillary beds and control the blood flow, they have tunica intimal with no internal elastic lamina, 1-2 layers of smooth muscles in the media layer, no tunica adventitia

79
Q

Which type of arterial blood vessels have very rich innervation ?

A

Arterioles as they control the blood flow

80
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Vessels that are the main change site for nutrients and gases, have tunica intimal only, simple single layer of endothelial cells (simple squamous) on basement membrane, do not have media or adventitia layer, have scattered pericytes around that have contractile properties

81
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous

82
Q

Describe the continuous capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries do not have any gaps, just a single cell, they can control what is exchanged since it has to pass through cell or cell junction, can be found in muscles

83
Q

Describe the discontinuous capillaries

A

These capillaries have gaps between the endothelial cells and basement membrane, there is no protein diaphragm, free passage, can be found in liver, spleen, bone marrow

84
Q

Describe the fenestrated capillaries

A

They are intermediate type between continuous and discontinuous, they have little windows with or without protein diaphragm, it filters the molecules by charge and molecular weight, has little control over exchange, these can be of din kidneys

85
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Discontinuous capillaries with phagocytic cells in tunica intima, have large diameter, are found in locations where large amount of exchange is needed, found in liver, some endocrine glands

86
Q

What is arteriovenous shunt?

A

Precapillary sphincters that can close and bypass the capillaries, used for thermoregulation

87
Q

Describe the histology of veins

A

Veins have thin tunica intima layer, no elastic fibres or very thin and little in internal and external elastic laminas, tunica media is thin or absent, tunica adventitia is thicker and has collagen, they also have valves made from intimal layer to control blood flow

88
Q

What is the difference between deep and superficial veins?

A

Deep veins are thin walled and are supported by the surrounding fascia, superficial are thicker, do not have any surrounding support, superficial eventually drain into deep veins

89
Q

Describe the vessels of lymphatic system

A

They start as blind ended and form two vessels eventually, right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct, they are lined with very thin endothelium, absent or rudimentary basal lamina, no fenestration, have valves that direct the flow

90
Q

Describe the anatomy of the lymphatic system

A

Blind-ended vessels drain fluid from capillaries to systemic circulation, they have nodes along the major veins and origins of major arteries, they have anchoring filaments that link endothelium to the surrounding tissue keeping the lumen open

91
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in the lymphatic vessels ?

A

negative

92
Q

Explain why blood vessels can be considered as an organ?

A

They are big and need their own blood supply, vasa varosum, they also have their own lymphatic drainage and nerve innervation

93
Q

Describe the innervation to blood vessels based on location

A

Blood vessels going to skin have parasympathetic innervation, from the heart to organs sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Cardiovascular system (18 decks)

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