Anatomy of cardiovascular system

Question 1

Apex

Answer 1

Lowest part of the heart from by left ventricle. Projects at 5th intercostal space

Question 2

Base

Answer 2

Upper border of the heart involving LA, part of RA. Lies below second rib.

Question 3

Endocardium

Answer 3

inner lining of the hearts chambers and its valves

Question 4

Epicardium

Answer 4

visceral layer of serous pericardium. contains epicardial coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics

Question 5

Myocardium

Answer 5

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Question 6

Pericardium

Answer 6

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

Question 7

What areas do the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 7

RA, RV, sinus node artery, right marginal artery, post. descending artery, inferior wall of both ventricles

Question 8

What areas do the left coronary artery supply?

Answer 8

LA, post.lat walls of LV, ant.inf walls of LV, circumflex artery

Question 9

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 9

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 10

What forms the common bundle of His?

Answer 10

AV node

Question 11

What does the common bundle of His branch into?

Answer 11

Purkinjie fibers

Question 12

baroreceptor reflex

Answer 12

The primary reflex pathway for homeostatic control of blood pressure

Question 13

Bainbridge reflex

Answer 13

An increase in venous return stretches receptors in the wall of the right atrium which sends vagal afferent signals to the cardiovascular center within the medulla. The signals inhibit parasympathetic activity, resulting in an increased heart rate

Question 14

Chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 14

Chemosensitive cells located in the carotid bodies and the aortic body respond to changes in pH status and blood oxygen tension.

Question 15

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 15

forcible exhalation against a closed glottis, resulting in increased intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure, and decreased venous return. The resultant decrease in CO and BP is sensed by baroreceptors which then increase HR.

Question 16

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 16

sequence of events that occur when the heart beats

Question 16

Atrial systole

Answer 16

contraction of atria pumps blood into the ventricles

Question 17

ventricular systole

Answer 17

contraction of ventricles pumps blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries

Question 18

atrial dystole

Answer 18

the period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing

Question 19

preload

Answer 19

Tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole. Reflects the venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole

Question 20

Stroke Volume (SV) and normal ranges

Answer 20

The volume of blood ejected with each left ventricular contraction. Normal ranges between 60-80ml

Question 20

Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 20

Amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per minute. Equal to the product of SV and HR.

Normal values: at rest: 4.5 to 5.0 L/min. During exercise: 25 L/min

Question 20

Venous return

Answer 20

the amount of blood that returns to the right atrium each minute

Question 21

Afterload

Answer 21

the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

Question 22

Components of blood

Answer 22

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Question 23

Plasma

Answer 23

Liquid part of blood

Question 24

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Answer 24

Blood cells that have hemoglobin which is a protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. Make up 40% of blood volume.

Question 25

Blood platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 25

blood cells that help in coagulation (clotting) when a blood vessel is injured

Question 26

Low RBC vs. high RBC

Answer 26

Low: Anemia High: polycythemia

Question 27

Low platelets vs. High platelets

Answer 27

Low: Thrombocytopenia
High: Thrombocythemia

Question 28

white blood cells (leukocytes)

Answer 28

fight infection

Question 29

low WBC vs. high WBC

Answer 29

Low: leukopenia
High: leukocytosis