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Cardio > Anatomy Of Cardio Vascular > Flashcards

Anatomy Of Cardio Vascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered the base of the heart? Apex?

A
  • base is formed by the atria

- apex is formed by the ventricles

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2
Q

What surrounds the heart and protects it?

A

Pericardium

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3
Q

What are the two parts to the pericardium?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium- tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue
  • serous pericardium- thinner delicate double layer around the heart.
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4
Q

What are the parts that make up the serous pericardium?

A
  • parietal layer- fused to fibrous pericardium
  • pericardial cavity- fluid filled space between parietal and visceral
  • visceral layer (epicardium) - adheres tightly to the heart
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5
Q

The Heart is made up of how many layers? What are they called?

A
  • Three layers

- Epicardium, Myocardium, endocardium

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6
Q

How many chambers in the heart?

A

4

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7
Q

The right and left sides of the heart are separated by what?

A
  • inter-atrial septum

- inter-ventricular septum

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8
Q

What are the valves of the heart meant to do?

A

Prevent back flow

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9
Q

Name the major blood vessels of the heart?

A
  • Superior/inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
  • pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary veins
  • Aorta
  • coronary artery
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10
Q

What vessels supply blood to the heart?

A

Left and right Coronary arteries

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11
Q

Describe the electrical structure of the heart in order

A
  • SA node
  • right atria (Bachmans bundle)
  • AV node
  • AV bundle branches (bundle of his)
  • L/R bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers
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12
Q

What does the “P wave” represent?

A

Atrial depolarization

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13
Q

What represents the repolarization of the atria in EKG?

A
  • can’t see it, it’s hidden in the QRS complex
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14
Q

“ T wave” represents what?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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15
Q

What are the three phases of cardiac cycle?

A
  • Relaxation period
  • Atrial Systole (contraction of atria)
  • ventricular Systole (contraction of ventricles)
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16
Q

What is happening in the heart during relaxation period?

A
  • ventricles are relaxing and repolarizing.

- All four chambers dilate (diastole) and ventricles fill up 75% with blood.

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17
Q

What is happening during atrial systole?

A
  • contraction of both atria.

- ventricle’s fill up the remaining 25%

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18
Q

What’s happening in the ventricular systole phase (contraction)?

A
  • ventricles depolarize ejecting blood into pulmonary trunk or in the aorta
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19
Q

Approximately how much blood is ejected into circulation with each ventricular contraction?

A
  • 70 ml
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20
Q

What is Cardiac output and how is it measured?

A
  • it’s the total volume of blood exiting the left atria every minute
  • calculation: 70ml X BPM= CO
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21
Q

Name the 5 types of blood vessels

A
  • Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
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22
Q

How is capillary filling controlled?

A
  • By auto-regulation- small arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters.
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23
Q

Where does the slowest rate of blood flow take place? And why?

A
  • Capillaries

- Allows time for exchange through cell walls

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24
Q

How is blood pressure and osmosis determined?

A
  • By the amount of fluid in circulation
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25
Q

How many liters of blood in the circulatory system?

A
  • 5 liters or 5.3 quarts
26
Q

How much blood loss is potentially life threatening?

A
  • 10%
27
Q

Blood flow is controlled by what part of the brain?

A

-Medulla Oblongata

28
Q

The medulla oblongata receives neural and hormonal feed back from what 3 receptors?

A
  • proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors
29
Q

What are are the four principle branches of the aorta?

A
  • ascending aorta
  • arch of the aorta
  • thoracic descending aorta
  • abdominal descending aorta
30
Q

What are the three phases of heart beat?

A

Rest, atrial systole, ventricle systole

31
Q

What is the stroke volume of someone with 100 pulse

A

-7000

32
Q

2 main pathways of circulation

A
  • Pulmonic

- systemic

33
Q

What are the three pumps?

A

-skeletal muscle pumps, look up

34
Q

Bradycardia and tachycardia pulse?

A

Less then 60 greater then 100

35
Q

What is the thickest heart chamber?

A

Left ventricular

36
Q

What are your AV valves

A

Tricuspid and mitral valve

37
Q

Describe autoregulation as it pertains to BP

A

The ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow.

38
Q

What is the difference between NSTEMI and STEMI

A
  • STEMI- death to actual tissue and ST elevation

- NSTEMI- tissues are ischemic which can lead to infarction. Inverted QRS.

39
Q

Symptoms of (peripheral vascular disease) PAD?

A
  • claudication: cramping pain or tiredness in the thigh, calf, or foot with walking or exercising relieved by rest.
  • diminished pulses
  • loss of hair
  • muscle atrophy
40
Q

Treatment of PAD?

A
  • life style changes

- phosphodiesterase

41
Q

What is the most common cause of acute arterial occlusion?

A

Atrial fibrillation

42
Q

What are symptoms of acute arterial occlusion of a limb?

A
  • Hallmark: sudden onset of extremity pain or reduction of pulses
  • neurological deficits- numbness and paralysis
43
Q

What are the 6 Signs of sever arterial ischemia?

A
  • pain, pallor,poikilothermia, pulslessness, paresthesia, paralysis.
44
Q

Treatment of arterial occlusion?

A
  • enoxaparin (Lovenox) IV stat

- hep

45
Q

What causes occlusive cerebrovascular disease?

A
  • proximal internal carotid artery
46
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient ischemic attack also known as a mini stroke lasting less then 24 hours

47
Q

What is the treatment for asymptomatic PSVT?

A
  • Vagal maneuvers. Carotid massage will interrupt 50% of PSVT
  • medication first line adenosine IV
  • second line: beta blockers or CCBMetropalol IV
48
Q

How to treat hemodynamically unstable patients with SVT?

A

Synchronized Cardioversion. 50-150 Jules

49
Q

Signs of unstable cardio patients?

A
  • mental status changes, ischemic chest discomfort, hypotension, signs of shock, acute heart failure
50
Q

Atrial fibrillation treatment?

A
  • 2/3 will resolve within 24 hours.
  • beta blockers, CCB
  • enoxaorin (lovenox)
51
Q

Saw tooth flutter waves between QRS indicate what? What are those waves called?

A
  • Atrial flutter

- F waves

52
Q

What is the most common cause of V-Tach?

A
  • AMI, ischemic heart disease, electrolytes abnormalities (hypokalemia, hypo magnesium)
53
Q

What medications for V-Tachy?

A
  • lidocaine
  • amiodarone
  • magnesium
54
Q

How to treat stable torsade de pointes?

A
  • 2 grams magnesium sulfate, check electrolyte panel, and EKG
55
Q

How to treat unstable torsades de pointes?

A
  • cardiovert, then administer 2 grams magnesium.
56
Q

Treatment for 2nd degree AV block type 1?

A
  • If bradycardia administrator atropine.

- transcutaneous pacing at 80 beats per minute

57
Q

The heart is made up of three layers, what are they?

A

Epicardium (visceral layer of pericardium), myocardium, and endocardium

58
Q

What layer of the hearts is made up of intercalated disks?

A

Myocardium

59
Q

The cardiac cycle is approximately how long?

A

.8 seconds

60
Q

Three pumps that get blood back to heart?

A

Heart, skeletal muscle pumps, respiratory pump

61
Q

Regular exercise how long and offer improves cardiovascular health?

A

20 minutes, 3-5 times a week

Cardio (3 decks)

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